The effect of reactant concentration Essay Example for Free

The effect of reactant parsimoniousness EssayThen pour the amount of money of Sodium Thiosulfate using a measuring cylinder to the cone-shaped flask, the amount will vary depending on the sample. 4. Rinse the measuring cylinder in water under the tap to low-cal it of excess sodium thiosulfate. 5. Pour the water from the measuring cylinder into the conical flask (already containing the Sodium Thiosulfate), the amount of water will vary depending on the sample. 6. score a hide on a blank piece of paper. 7. Place the conical flash containing the water and Sodium Thiosulfate mixture directly on give of the cross on the paper. 8. Collect 5 ml of Hydrochloric Acid using the clean measuring cylinder. 9. Keep the stop watch ready to time the chemical chemical reply time once the Hydrochloric Acid is added to the conical flask. 10. Transfer all of the 5 mL of Hydrochloric Acid into the conical flask and swirl the conical flask to grow the reaction and begin timing. 11. Stop timi ng and record the time taken, when you can no longer see the cross drawn on the paper. 12. Repeat travel 2-11 for each sample while changing the some of the variants. shiftings Independent VariableThe variable that changes in the investigation is the amount of Sodium Thiosulfate in the solution. Dependent Variable For this experiment the measured variable is the time taken for the reaction to conclude. This was measured in seconds. Controlled Variables o The amount of water in solution this was added to ensure that 50 mL of mixture was contained within the flask for each sample case. o Temperature o Amount of Hydrochloric acid 5 mL each time. Results We observed that when the HCL was added into the conical flask that a murky perception formed in the solution thus the clear solution turned unclear.This can be explained by the following chemical reaction taking place 2HCL (aq) + Na2S2O (aq) S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O The table below captures the results we obtained Table 1 Sample 2M HC L Amount of Na2S2O Amount of H2O Concentration of Na2S2O beat mL mL mL M Sec Graph 1 Graph 2 Discussion By collecting the results from the investigation we were able to enumerate to a conclusion on the affects of varying the amount of Na2S2O and water has on the reaction of a solution.Graph 1 and Table 1 above shows the amount of Na2S2O and the amount of water in each sample. This graph also shows the time taken for the reaction to finish, this being the time when we could no longer see the cross on the paper below the conical flask due to the solution becoming too murky in colour. It can be observed by looking at Graph 1 that, the lower the amount of Na2S2O that is set in the solution, the longer the time taken for the reaction to finish. This occurs because there is a reduced amount of Na2S2O concentration present in the mixture which can react with the HCL.This can also be seen in Graph 2 which shows the relationship surrounded by the amounts of Na2S2O concentration to the ti me required for the reaction to finish. Graph 1 also shows that the greater the amount of water present in the solution the longer it takes for the reaction to finish as the concentration of Na2S2O to HCL is further cut. Thus it can be concluded that our results support the hypothesis that more concentrated solutions react faster than diluted solutions do.The affect on the reaction rate when varying the amount of water and Na2S2O is that more concentrated the Na2S2O and HCL mixture is, the faster the reaction occurs, i.e. the less water that is present to dilute the mixture the faster the reaction occurs. Evaluation Overall the investigation was completed successfully and we achieved our aim of investigating how a change in the concentration of a reactant affects that rate of a chemical reaction. There are a number of factors that can be changed and controlled so that to improve the accuracy of the results. The following things do in the future will help to ensure that more reliab le data is obtainedUsing a rubber stopper in the conical flask when the HCL was transferred into the conical flask, gas escaped form the top of the flask. If in future tests, this gas was trapped inside the flask with the use of a stopper the reaction may have completed faster. Reducing human error Starting the timer at the alike(p) time in all the reactions would have helped to ontogenesis the accuracy of the results. The timer should have been started either once the full amount of HCL was transferred in the conical flask or should have started when the pouring started.Another variable which could have been controlled was the number of times the conical flask was swirled after the HCL was added. This would have further helped with the accuracy of the data if all the samples were swirled at the same speed and the same number of times. Using distilled water this would ensure that the water is pure There might have also been errors with reading the scales on the measuring cylinder as we were reading these to the best of our ability. To be certain that the exact amount of solution was added an electronic weighing scale could have been used.

Galapagos Island Case Essay Example for Free

Galapagos Island Case EssayIntroductionGeographical The geographical mapping of Galapagos Island is able to support both aquatic life and wandering life due to its adverse favorable climatic conditions. This is beca office this island lies in the Pacific Ocean about 999 km from the South American coast and straddling the Equator. Due to this knowing geographical condition, there is abundant biodiversity of both flora and fauna.Galapagos Island is one of 13 islands that is shortly inhabited, with a total population of 30,000 people. According to the latest survey, the Galapagos Marine hold back occupies roughly 139,000 squ ar kilometers. This large natural habitat can support huge mass of living creatures if protection measures atomic number 18 put in home plate to safe the endangered species. The island was recognized as world heritage site due to abundant living things that are not easily found elsewhere, unless only exist in this prestigious island.Galapagos Island Biod iversity This island is blessed with abundant biodiversity, which enables it to have its natural heritage. Galapagos has specific niche to many unique, indigenous carnals. Naturally, some of these animals are daring due to lack of natural enemies. This is a usual case for some of shipboard soldier life.The only enemy is man due to his agribusiness activities and his new technologies concerning marine scientific discipline, slant and tourism. For example, the giant tortoise has gradually evolved into several distinct forms on the diametrical islands of the archipelago. The reason being, these tortoise have no natural predators except man during the 17th and eighteenth centuries when buccaneers and pi crumbes used the islands as a staging post. This is the only time when these tortoises were being used as delicacies.The Galapagos Island has several species of reptiles. They include, the marine iguana, which is a herbivore that grazes on seaweed, land iguanas, lizards, geckos, lava and snakes. more or less of the innate terrestrial mammals include rats that prefer grassy areas or wheat and rice installation and two species of bat. Other common creatures are finches. There are several species of finches. Some are small brownish, soil homogeneous finches that are adapted to a range of different foods. These are known as Darwins finches.The name was coined after the father of evolution sir Charles Darwin because they have been important to scientists trying to study how evolution occurs this is because of different beak types. They include the tool-using woodpecker finch. Other endemicalal terrestrial birds include hawk, flycatcher, rail and other(a) species of mocking birds. All these birds have specific characters that feature in them and are the only birds found in Galapagos. Among the endemic aquatic birds are a flightless cormorant, two species of gull, and one penguin species that live in tropical weewees. Going on, Sea lions and fur seals occ ur along the coasts, spell dolphins, whales and sea turtles are also common. Other species of fish are found along the seashores. Several species of insects, cryoptera, spiders, mites, slugs, land snails, seashells, starfishes and urchins, crabs, and many other smaller invertebrates occur. Beside different kinds of animals, the island supports different types of fauna. The plants of Galapagos are equally fascinating and attractive. In the highlands, there occur many species of endemic Scalesia tree that is characterized by having daisies, as well as tree ferns, bromeliads and orchids. on the coasts are mangrove forest and huge prickly pear and candelabra cacti. The Brachycereus cacti are adapted to less fertile lava flows. The lava flow is a remnant of volcanic activities that erupted in the past .Note that Galapagos Island is a product of those volcanic activities. The shores can support many vivid morning glories and mats of bright red sesuvium. Galapagos also has its genuinely own, endemic species of cotton, tomato, pepper, guava and passionflower that are not exotic. Kinds of plants, especially those belonging to the daisy phylum, have gradually evolved on the different niche in this island into undivided arrays of endemic species. This again provides bio- conservationist with classic examples of adaptive speciation.Biodiversity threats. Currently, the Galapagos Islands are among the best nation parks with tropical archipelago in the world. Despite being rich in its pristine nature, it faces challenges and quenching threats to the only unique type of biodiversity in the island. Actually foreign species sneaked in by naughty ship workers, pirates and other evil-minded foreigners are some of merciful intrusions that adversely pose a major threat to native terrestrial biodiversity.Another factor is spilling of oils in the seawater and during mosquitos control. Several myriad of invasive plants and animals vectored in by mans day to days operations, inh abit the island adding more competition in the food chain. . Some of these foreign plants include food crops like quinine, guava and blackberry. In the operation process, harmful weeds and parasitic plants are introduced in new territories of this Island. Animals in this category of invasive species include both domesticated and wild, for example, goats, Netherlands pigs, Asian dogs, cats, rats and fire ants. Some of introduced species in Galapagos Island include rodents like the black rat, Norwegian rat and house hold mouse. These rodents are disastrous as they play on the native wildlife of the islands, including plants, seeds, birds eggs and chicks, reptiles eggs and young ones.This way the rodents threaten the fragile ecosystem of the islands and are responsible for extinctions on islands biodiversity worldwide. The rodents also pose a great risk to human health by spreading zoonotic infections.1 Beside that, rodents are agricultural and household pests. They are vectors to fle as, worms and other protozoan. It is known that some nematodes that affect rats can invade other small animals and plants through evolution. 2 Some species, such(prenominal) as the mangrove habitat birds like finch species such as C. heliobates, the Galapagos petrel and the flightless cormorant are endangered somehow due to reduced populations caused by fluctuating reproductive system. Much tourism during breeding seasons increases animal stress and disturbance. This interferes with reproductive systems. Other endemic birds in the island are the tree finches such as Certhidea olivacea and Camarhynchus psittacula. The Galapagos birds are already under threat from invasive rodents. The interference from both natural effects and human activities is a threat to Galapagos penguin and other aquatic bird species From a case study, it was observed that, 22 to 23.5 percent of the endemic plant species and 48.9 to 51 percent of the vertebrate species are considered endangered. Some of these problems have existed for more than a century due to negligence and ignorance by the government and other environmentalists. Global warming which is a feature of human adverse taint to the environment has endangered marine life. Snow and ice melting is a threat to some of marine creatures.Another threat to the biodiversity is that, Galapagos is undergoing an enormous cycle of economic and population growth that is accelerated by external markets and competition. External pressures are tended to(p) by increased threats to native biodiversity that drag be hide conservation efforts. Some of these threats as stated are the arrival of invasive species, over-harvesting of marine resources, for example, around more than 90 million sharks are killed a year, mainly for their fins.They are fetched from the sea purposely for their fins and not the flesh. This barbaric altitude can wipe sharks in the near future if pouching ordain not stop. When sharks become wiped, tourism fabrication wou ld be greatly affected making the economy of Galapagos to dwindle. Lastly, more frequent pollution events like agribusiness activities interfere with biota. Agricultural farming involves use of several chemicals that interfere with the marine life. This to the highest degreely occurs when these chemicals find their way into the sea either by drainage or through silting. Indirectly, enormous demand growths on the biodiversity of the islands are due to the international tourism industry and aquatic or marine resources. These are some of global factors driving business growth in Galapagos. This huge developments act as catalysts for the growth of the Galapagos human population.This has consequently, resulted to the necessitate for greater local admission to basic natural resources and public services to catch up with the increasing human population and competition this creates new social and political stresses in the islands. despicable distribution of resources and income from the protected areas discourages self-motive for conservation. Internal conflicts due to external market impact do not address conservation of biodiversity. Lack of awareness on vastness of conservation biological science in the Island, and non-instrumental professionals lead to failures to re-address the issue of endangering the species.Conservation methods and the needs to protect the biodiversity. After describing most of endangered species in this island, it is good to counselling on and advocate scientific Conservation methods of both flora and fauna. Preservation of the endangered species and the environment is a complex process that requires strong machinery force. Therefore, without government and non-government back-up, this interpret cannot succeed. Proper programs need to be inflexible up to outsource services and other strategic means, including funding to enhance successive conservation.In Galapagos Island, several foundations currently swear out to fund this project . Nevertheless, the funding is not enough to meet all the necessary measures. For example, the Galapagos Conservation project, Charles Darwin Foundation, The Galapagos Conservatory etc cannot meet these challenges without aid from donor funds. This is because to educate the whole nation about the importance of conservation, and other necessary measures is a big issue that requires donors aid.Actually, you should propose on external exhibitions on the needs to conserve the biodiversity, another suggestion is experienced experts need to be produced, proper fishing items that cannot fish on small or immature fishes are supposed(p) to be bought, some motor boats should be usable to control and survey fishing mechanism of both legitimate and illegitimate fishermen. Propose on preservative fringes and other necessary items bearing in mind that some items are expensive for the local people. The government should implement measures to curtail behaviors that can lead to eradication of enda ngered species. These measures should include controlling pouching, smuggling, pirating and illegal immigration. In this case, Patrolling water navy and vigilante groups should be brought up in order to mitigate fishing of sharks.The use of this system for monitoring fishing vessels would enhance trapping the vessels that carry out these highly destructive fishing practices and thus provide evidence to the port jurisprudence authorities so that the illegal fishing activities may be stopped. This process can only succeed with the help of local anglers of the islands and our long efforts to promote sustainable fishing practices, to limit the use of destructive fishing techniques. Boundaries need to be restricted and observed to avoid importation of foreign organisms. This should be a foundation to remove corrupt inhabitants off the islands. People should be educated through civic education that incorporates biological and social sciences to create awareness on conservation biology. F arming methods that protect the environment should be implemented e.g. restrict any use of harmful farming methods.Institution of higher learning should be set up to offer degree courses on conservation biology. This is because local young Ecuadorian conservationists do not have the necessary qualifications to move forward in their careers. Galapagos scientists need to be empowered with doctors of philosophy to rise to the positions of future responsibility. Surprisingly, the Charles Darwin Foundation comprises foreign scientists such as American or European as the most learned barons who cannot dedicate their service fully.The government through its own funding or by donors fund should focus on establishing environmental exhibition and communion activities. This is a valid proposal to create awareness and to inspire stewardship on Island farming and cultural behaviors that can enhance conservation. Some of the undertakings that the government should do is protecting the national p arks and resorts. Furthermore, conservationist and other well-wishers have supported by saving giant tortoise from extinction. They should focus on methods of interval counting of the endangered species and decline of their predators. The national Park Service and the Ecuadorian government are reforming a bit of clauses that safeguard wildlife. Restrictions are imposed against the residents of the islands in the form of pouching restrictions. This include, restrict fishing within certain miles of the shores and out of the swimming patterns of the endangered species in the islands.It is also illegal on the island to hunt any terrestrial animals and the offence is jail limit and revocation of the citizenship on the island. These are among the tough measures that ministry of wild life in conjunction with the environmentalist are imposing to conserve the endangered species. You should pressurize on review of important sections in the country constitution that safeguard the wild life. Some nuisance pests need to be eradicated for example, rats, parasitic weeds and plants, since some fish such as sharks suffer from animal stress due to tourism visitors.These areas have been classified as non-go zones, which mean that the number of motor boats and visitors in the water can be regulated. However, many areas have still to be restricted. People should be sensitized on zonotic infections caused by some of these foreign organisms. Funding to help identification of breeding zones for sharks and the monitoring of population increase in coastal areas are important areas of research that can aid in conservation.Breeding and squirt parameters, which are essential for shark conservation, are not yet understood. In case of preserving sharks that attract a lot of tourism, conservation funds would assist in monitoring and identifying sharks movements and breeding patterns. Eradication of animals and plants, which pose a threat to the existing of the eco system, is a noble idea that is facilitated by the National Park service. Conclusion. Conservation biology in the Galapagos is important because the work done by the Galapagos National Park to protect the biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands is unique. What to protect and the methods to be used depend on scientific association and government back up. This will include careful study, research and interpretation of existing data on wildlife. The funding requested will be need to help local residents to become a leader of their own future. Without the necessary research, awareness, funds and dedication provided by the Galapagos Conservation Trust, this valuable habitat and its unique wildlife will become a history. The fact is extinction would be due to human intrusion. This adversely leads to loss of biodiversity. The consequences are loss of marine life and disappearance of native terrestrial animals and plants. Many species of wildlife will be extinct, species that have been a pivotal point in the disco very of natural selection. The advancement of these studies that is so important to science will be lost.There are many species in Galapagos Islands that are not analyzed. The destruction of the sensitive ecosystem could destroy these species forever. Apparently, tourism sector would be greatly affected this Island biodiversity becomes extinct. Tourism is growing at an enormous rate of 4% per year and is expected to continue at this rate. The need for support functions in the industry continues to provide significant job opportunities for the local residents. Indirectly, the national economy would be greatly affected hence currency fluctuation and instability. To avoid this disastrous situation, conservation biology should be addressed from all perspective.ReferenceSharon L. Spray, Karen Leah (2003) Revelation of species Loss of Biodiversity Pg 34, Row man and Littlefield PublisherThe islands biodiversity, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.tiscali.co.ukThe Galapagos I slands, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.darwinfoundation.org/Galapagos biodiversity vision, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.worldwildlife.org/Unique biodiversity of the islands, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.gct.orgGalapagos conservation, available at www.wam.umd.eduEnvironmental solutions, available at www.environment31 Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses File Format PDF/Adobe Acrobat View as HTMLThe rat flea, Xenop-. sylla cheopis, is the main vector of murine Not well characterized Molecular evidence of infection www.vetres.org/articles/vetres/pdf/2005/03/v4057.2 zole, levamisole) of helminths coupled with improved man- effect on nematode. Four dilutions of each plant extract (0.52.0 mg/mL) available at www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/acm.2006.123

Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine

Quality Assurance of Superficial radiation syndrome X-Ray MachineStudy the Quality Assurance of Superficial RadiotherapyX-ray Machine development some TechniquesAbstractThe aim of the present paper is to inquire some factors affecting on quality assurance of dilettanteish radiotherapy x-ray much(prenominal) as reproducibility of demigod fall out put, linearity, reference, entrance and some scrape up cancer pane of glasss were measured for hand, face and nose. Examinations of these factors are canvas use sodbuster dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization bedroom which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to rid of any air hatchway inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out utilise an operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA 0.10 min, 6 sec. The tolerance limit for the reproducibility is equal to 0.2% , which is lower than the tolerance limit as menti wizardd. in American Associ ation of physics in Medicine, AAPM . The relative misconduct for entrance skin dose equals 3%. The quality assurance tests of lilliputian radiotherapy x-ray implement are measured and compared with the international tolerance.Key delivery Quality Assurance, Farmer dosemaster. .0.6 cc ionization chamber IntroductionThe principle goal of quality assurance of superficial x-ray mechanism is obtained accurately and by the way assessment. The secondary goal is to maximize of radiation exposure and obtain high radiation quality. This can be assess by performance the x-ray machine by optimum operating parameters such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference , Entrance and go away dose measurements according to code sound of practice for use x-ray in medical diagnosis (NRL, 1994). 1.Many associations reported work concerning quality assurance of superficial x-ray machine ilk , AAPM, 2,3 that describes quality assurance communications protocol for superficial radiothe rapy x-ray equipment at the therapeutic technologist level. American Association of Medical Physicists in Medicine AAPM, 4 presents a new protocol, developed by the ray Therapy Committee Task Group 61, for reference dosimetry of low- and medium energy x rays for radiotherapy and radiobiology (40 kV(4) . Austerlitz C, et.al, 2008 mentioned that the beam outputs presented percentage differences ranging from -13 to +25%.5. Mehran Goharian et.al , 2010 mentioned that The measured output showed an increase of up to 7.3% relative to the neutral position (0 in-plane and 0 cross-plane) over the possible range of angles of in-plane rotation for 75 kVp (half- think of layer, HVL = 1.84 mm Al)6.Modern research indicated that the continued successful use of kilovoltage X-ray units for superficial therapy and their diametrical design compared with linear accelerators indicates that specific advice for this type of equipment is required. Useful guidance on quality control of kilo-voltage units is also given in Klevenhagen.et.al 7 and Williams.et.al 8. Paevans .et.al 9 mentioned that the applicator, system interlocks and dose monitor performance that used in check of Gulmay D3 three hundred kilovoltage X-ray therapy unit were competent and the tube leakage was below the UK recommended maximum (air kerma rate 300 mGy/ h at 5 cm from the tube head). The quality assurances of therapeutic x-ray are based on the Basic Safety Standard BSS10 and International Commission of Radiological Protection where they mentioned that there is no limit for medical exposure scarce they ensure that medical exposure have to decide by consultation between medical authorities and professional bodies.The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference, Entrance and Exit dose measurements.Material and MethodThe X-strahl superficial x-ray machine was investigated f or some factors of quality assurance such as reproducibility and linearity . Reproducibility is one component of the precision of a test and reported as a standard deviation. Reproducibility of dose out put of X-strahl machine was measured with Farmer Dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber, which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to avoid any air gap inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out using same operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. The reproducibility Pz was careful based on NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995).11.Where SD is the estimator of standard deviation of a series of measurements dose mGy, Zap is the means value of the measured dose mGy. commodious measurements were made to assess of changes in mAs on reproducibility and linearity of radiation output. It formed over a range of clinical settings. Calibrated ionization c hamber used to measure output expressed as Gy per mAs, at a set distance, without backscatter.LinearityThe linearity of superficial x-ray machine was studied using farmer dose master that connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber above Perspex phantom.The linearity was checked using the next equation that stated by NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .11.X1-X2/X1+X2 0.1Where X1 and X2 are two successive readings.Applications of superficial x-ray machineMeasurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and roll were conducted using suitable applicator for each case. The applicator for hand discourse was 5 cm diam, 15 FSD , the applicator for face treatment was 3 cm diameter , 15 FSD and the applicator for nose treatment was 1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD.Results and Discussions ReproducibilityDose reproducibility for repeated doses of superficial x-ray machine was measured using farmer dosemaster connected with 0.6cc ionization chamber on the surface o f Perspex phantom as shown in table 1. In the present work the maximum value was 4.404 , the minimum value was 4.374 and mean doses and standard deviation of the measurements was 4.391 0.008 . The machine reproducibility was found to be 0.2% which is lower than the tolerance limit as mentioned. in NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .11.Table 1 the Dose reproducibility for superficial radiotherapy machine using an operating condition of 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. For 0.6 cc Ionization chamber.Dose, cGy0.6 ccRun No.4.37414.38624.38834.39444.39454.38664.39074.39184.40494.401104.391 0.008Mean Standard disputeLinearity of X-ray MachineThe dose output was measured as a function in miliamper second. These measurements were recorded at 25 cm start to detector distance using special applicator of diameter 25 x 25 cm2 as shown in table.2. The linearity of the superficial x-ray machine was given a result lower than 0.1 that means it lower than the tolerance level of the American Association of physics in Medicine AAPM3 and NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .11. Linearity was accepted that means the x-ray tube of a machine is calibrated. Table 2. Linearity of superficial X-ray MachineDose, , cGymAsTime, secSetting2330650 kV, 5 Ma306012451503072240489030060.Measurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and NoseThe X-ray tube of the X-strahl machine was located in middle of the room ring by one meter from each side. The focus to skin distance, FSD for each applicator under use was adjusted for surface radiotherapy treatment such as hand, face and nose of tissue equivalent phantom. The Ionization chamber was adjusted for operating conditions of the X-ray machine as filter 1, 50kV, 5 mA, 0.2 min, and 0.2 mmAl for different applicators. The Surface dose for skin, nose and hand were recorded as shown in table 4. X-strahl -100 x-ray system low energy X-ray for treatment a wide range of superficial de rmatological condition including basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma and dermatological conditions including psoriasis. Orthovoltage units continue to be used today to treat superficial lesions in fact, they were practically the only machines treating skin lesions before the recent emergence of electron therapy. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the surface of patients thus, skin becomes the dose-limiting structure when treating patients at these energies. The depth at which the dose is 50% of the maximum is about 7 cm. Therefore the physician can be steer the treatment dose for superficial x-ray therapy for each case. Since the total dose is equal to dose rate times the time , so, the time of treatment can calculate easily .Table 4. Entrance patient dose measurements for face, nose and hand..ESD, (cGy)CaseApplicator dimensions56.68 0.307Face cancer3 cm diameter , 15 FSD241.2 2.15Nose cancer1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD58.8 0.669Hand cancer5 cm diameter, 15 FSDConclusionThis work concluded that The machine reproducibility dose out put was found to be 0.2% so patient risk will decrease. Linearity was lower than 0.1 which is lower than the tolerance limit of the international publications. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the surface of patients thus, skin.X-strahl machine treating skin lesions, hand, face and nose. The treatment time for hand, face, and nose cancer calculated via the surface patient dose measurement.

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Is Information Technology Essay

Achieving Competitive Advantage Through Is randomness Technology EssayWhat atomic number 18 the determine capers, issues and short comings in addition to above two argonas of studies how stand Srilankan Airlines achieve rivalrous advantage by changing the effectiveness in their attention schema using IS/IT?5.0 Background learning System and Information Technology (IS/IT) has become the core feature for many wrinkle successes in the globe. IT applications atomic number 18 for the slightly part utilize to help constitutions to do its day to day work and to succeed rivalrous advantage while reducing warring disadvantage and to meet other phone line objectives which organizations need. According to Ross and Fenny (1999), in the mid of 1980s, they have identified the IS/IT as a key weapon which helps to achieve the combative advantage for any organization. Also defend and Daniel (2006) has say in their book of Benefits Management that in the last four decades there was a huge IS/IT requirement for organizations to meet its requirement to achieve the competitive advantage. Furthermore harbor and Daniel (2006), mentioned that with the too soon stage of IS/IT adoption helps to automate just about routine activities to reduce the efficiency and reduce the cost while delivering a corking operative touch on with a good enough harvest-home.According to Croteau and Bergeron (2001) Kearns and Lederer (2000) Zhang and Lado (2001) cited in Garg, Joubert and Pellissier (2005) p.33, mentioned that applications which ar abide to achieve the competitive advantage referred to as the strategic guidance culture engineering science and it helps to achieve the best transaction carry throughance for the organizations. According to Burn and Martinsons (1997) Ho (1992) Wiseman (cited in Henry and Pun (2000), stated that it is attainable to accomplish the conflict of companies by using spick-and-span opportunities which offered to the crocked by st rategic information systems. Buhalis (2004), has mentioned in his interrogation paper active e-airlines, that airlines have been investing heavily for Information Communication Technology since the 1950s and they have mathematical functiond the IS/IT as a competitive rotating shaft to achieve their business targets. Also he has mentioned some examples that, in 1962, the Ameri canister Airlines introduced its SABER computer reservation systems as an alternative solution for their previous manual data entering system expanding its Boeing fleet by 50%.According to the 12.manage.com website, with the huge business growth the IS/IT has given more impact to those businesses and mean while there is a huge development in IS/IT systems. strategic planning helps the organizations to identify their IS application and its Information Technology which support to gain the competitive advantage over other competitors. Strategic planning is a tool which support for the organizing region for th e move over on the basis of the projections of the desired future. Information technologies argon increasingly regarded as strategic resources of an organization. Indeed it is a voltage use of IS/IT as a competitive weapon has become a popular clich.Also the Management play an primary(prenominal) part of an organization. Its main role is to fuse people together in parliamentary law to accomplish achievable goals. Management mobilize or allocate resources to different department like Human resource, Finance, IT department, and so forth and organize these resources in such a way that organizational strategic goals be accomplished easily in the long run. Management too takes snappy part in planning, organizing, leading and controlling. It gives direction, aligns and achieves organization goals with available resources. As shown in the allbusiness.com website, there argon three different types of takes available in management hierarchy. Those are categorized as strategic, tac tical and operational. To get the maximum benefit out of the company business intelligence, the organization needs to have all three takes strategic, tactical and operational working in conjunction with one a nonher. According to Steiner (1979), in the role of management scenario, mainly the strategic level is more important and it is the highest level and usually done by senior management level. Basically the decisions on the objectives, committing money, employee and time are done within this strategic level. Tactical planning level it does the implementation of the strategic plan stages such as combine the available resources and review alternatives. Within the operational level, it is much more detailed of strategic and tactical levels. In this level the managers chosen to work the plan develop a specific plan to execute the strategic plan. Therefore the management role and the IS/IT strategies are playing a huge role to gain the competitive advantage.As stated in Srilankan Airlines annual report (2009), their IT division involving and giving huge support role to all departments in the Srilankan Airline during a year of multiple changes. Srilanka Airlines IT department is an independent department within the organization. Therefore it is an entity as a part of the process to align all divisions with the corporate strategy in an IT perspective and it is helping the entire organization to benefit from modern technology and improve their processes and point of inter divisioniveness while gaining competitive advantage. However according to porter (Cited in Clarke 2001) p.114, mentioned that, he has proposed to gain the competitive advantage the firm moldiness(prenominal) be based on one of three generic strategies. Those are categorized as differentiation, cost leadership and the focus. Considering the Porters differentiation strategy, the Srilankan Airlines has supportd greater customer convenience through check-in facilities on mobiles was completed . This mobile facility is mainly focuses on the Srilankan Airlines customers. Comparing with other airlines, the Srilankan Airline has been using the differentiation strategy in their organization. Therefore further investigation is unavoidable to identify whether the role of management involvement is really beneficial to achieve the competitive advantage using IS/IT or not.Considering all these general factors which mentioned in the above paragraphs, it is clear that role of management involvement and IS/IT involvement are the main key factors of gaining competitive advantage for any organization. Therefore this research is carried out to define whether the resembling concepts which have been take ind in above paragraphs can apply to the Srilankan Airlines to achieve competitive advantage while comparing with the general findings.6.0 Literature recapitulation6.1 IntroductionIS/IT have revolutionized the entire business world. So far the organizations derive the competitive adv antage applying technology to their intentness. Mostly the competency will be iridescent among the competitors base on their IT usage and the involvement of role of management. The airline industry in crabbed has fostered a dependency on IS/IT for their operational and strategic management. Airlines were early adopters of Information Systems Information Technology and have a long history of technological innovation, in comparison to many other business industries. (Buhalis 2004). IT applications are mostly used to help organizations to its day to day work and to gain competitive advantage while reducing competitive disadvantage and to meet other business objectives which organizations need.Following sections describe about what is competitive advantage and how the organizations achieve competitive advantage using IS/IT with involvement of management roles.6.2 Competitive AdvantageAs stated in 12manage.com web site, if a company probably able to make a profit in excess of its cos t of capital, because it has achieved a competitive line which offers some of and edge over its potential rivals. To achieve such a competitive edge, it typically takes the formulation and execution of business strategy. To develop a competitive advantage, the company must possess value creating activities which cannot be duplicated by any other organization. According to Day and Wensley (cited in 12manage.com website 2010), mentioned that two sets of sources are there which pertain in creating competitive advantage. Those two are categorized as superior skills and superior resources. As proposed by Porter (1985), that to gain the competitive advantage, the firm must be based on one of three generic strategies. Those are categorized as differentiation, cost leadership and the focus. The differentiation inwardness that whatever the product should be different from other vendors and the cost leadership makes firm to produce the products in lower cost. This will help to increase the profit margins to the firm. Focus means that the firms must concentrate about the present market and need to identify where are they comparing to other vendors and finally based on the calculation they must perform better than other competitors using their skills and knowledge. In some other way Treacy and Wiersema (1995), proposed another popular generic framework for gaining competitive advantage. Within this framework, a firm typically will choose to empha surface one of three value disciplines product leadership, operational excellence, and customer intimacy.Operational ExcellenceAs suggested by Ward and Peppard (2002, p.112), Operational Excellence means enabling products and services to be obtained reliably, easily and cost-effective by customers. With this competency-based strategy it implies a business strategy which can do better improvement to the organization than other competitors and be able to deliver both cost-effective and reliable quality of customer contentment.Pr oduct leadFurther to Ward and Peppard (2002, p.114), product leadership means continuing product innovation clash customers needs. This strategy implies not only creativity in create unseasoned products and enhancing existing ones, but also astute market knowledge to ensure that they sell.Customer IntimacyIt has been argued (Ward and Peppard 2002, p.113), that the Customer Intimacy indicates targeting markets very precisely and tailor products and services to the needs of particular customer groups. The purpose of here is not just to satisfy but to please customers by encountering their needs and meeting them on every occasion. This can be obviously being expensive but it can build long-term customer the true.However further to Porter (1985), he has define a frame work model call v Forces diagram which capture the main idea of porters theory of competitive advantage. The five-spot forces model defines the rules of any kind of challenger in any industry. Further to Porter, t hese five forces determine industry profitability. Also the five forces frame work brain out that what is most important and it helps organization to capture their targets for long-term advantage. The five competitive forces are typically shown in the following diagram 1.0Diagram 1.0 Porters Five Forces Elements of Industry StructureSource Porter, (1985), p.6The collection of strength of the five forces can be varies from industry to industry. In the meantime the strength apiece of the five forces also can change. Further to Porter and Miller (1985), stated that information technology can alter the five forces to the industry attractiveness. The Five Forces framework highlights what is important and directs managers towards those aspects most important to long-term advantage of the organization. According to Porter (1985), has explained the Five Forces elements as followsBargaining Power of SuppliersThe term suppliers comprises all sources for inputs that are needed in order to p rovide goods or services. There are several elements for Supplier talk terms power is likely to be high.The market is dominated by a hardly a(prenominal) large suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply,There are no substitutes for the particular input,The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is low,The switching be from one supplier to another are high,There is the possibility of the supplier integrating earliers in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is curiously high whenThe buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry,Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier,The product is undifferentiated and can be replaces by substitutes,Switching to an alternative product is relatively elementary and is not related to high be,Customers have low margins and are price sensitive,Customers could produce the product themselves,The product is not of strategically importance for the custome r,Threat of New EntrantsThe competition in an industry will be the higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such a situation, new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. There is always a latent pressure for response and adjustment for existing players in this industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the extent to which there are barriers to entry. These are typicallyEconomies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations),High initial investments and fixed costs,Cost advantages of existing players due to experience curve effects of operation with fully depreciated assets,Brand loyalty of customers protected intellectual property like patents, licenses etc,Scarcity of important resources, e.g. qualified expert staffAccess to raw materials is controlled by existing players,Distribution channels are controlled by existing players,Existing pl ayers have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term service contracts,The buying industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products),The buying industry has low barriers to entry.Bargaining Power of CustomersSimilarly, the bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is likely to be high whenThey buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers,The supplying industry comprises a large number of flyspeck operatorsThe supplying industry operates with high fixed costs,High switching costs for customersLegislation and government actionThreat of SubstitutesA threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. They could potentially attract a world-shattering proportion of market volume and thereof reduce the potential sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the treat of substitutes is determined by factors likeBrand loyalty of customers,Close customer relationships,Switching costs for customers,The relative price for performance of substitutes,Current trends.Competitive Rivalry between Existing PlayersThis force describes the intensity of competition between existing players (companies) in an industry. High competitive pressure results in pressure on prices, margins, and hence, on profitability for every single company in the industry. Competition between existing players is likely to be high whenThere are many players of about the same size,Players have similar strategiesThere is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there is much price competitionLow market growth rates (growth of a particular company is possible only at the expense of a competitor),Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and highly specialized equipment).Above mentioned forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. At the primary level, firms create competitive advantage by perceiving or discovering new and better ways to compete in an industry and bringing them to market, which is ultimately an act of innovation. Innovations shift competitive advantage when rivals either fail to perceive the new way of competing to respond. There can be significant advantages to early movers responding to innovations, particularly in industries with significant economies of scale or when customers are more concerned about switching suppliers. Some of the typical causes of innovations which shift competitive advantage are categorised as followsnew technologiesnew or shifting buyer needsthe emergence of a new industry componentshifting input costs or availabilitychanges in government regulationsOver the past two decades, researches have proposed several strategic frameworks to identify the IT applications that are likely to provide competitive advantage. It is important to identify the distinction between IS, IT and information and the generic benefits of IS/IT as well. Therefor the following will discuss about the IS/IT strategies and how it beneficial for the business sector.6.3 IS/IT StrategiesIt has been argued by Clarke (2001), p.115, that informations goodbyes in-between individuals and groups with a given social environment. Information systems may identify as a system which supports and enable to pass within the specific environment. Distinguish between IS, IT and informations and the way its link with each other is showing in the following figure 1.1.InformationSupportInformation SystemsEnablesInformation TechnologyFigure 1.1 The Nature of Information Technology, Information Systems and InformationSource Clarke (2001), p.116There are several benefits which can be gained from IS/IT. According to Farbey et.al (cited in Ward and Dann iel, 2006), stated that there are five elements included in the organizational structure. Following table 1.2 shows the five elements of and organization and its description.Organizational Structure Elementsverbal descriptionStrategicIncludes people charged with overall responsibility for the organizations directionManagementIncludes middle managers who operate in order to transform the strategic vision into operational realityOperationalRefers to people who perform work related directly to the production of products and servicesFunctionalIncludes people who serve the organization by touch on others workSupportIncludes people who provide support for the organization outside the basic production of goods or services. These are often specialist in current disciplines.Table 1.2 The five elements of an organizationSource Ward and Daniel (2006), p. 7However table 1.2 shows that there is significant numbers of benefits can apply to the management and to the organization which helps to g ain the significant development. As argued by Ward and Daniel (2006), the strategic benefits are more involved in business organizations development and to develop a new business models where IS/IT play a main role. As stated by Ferbey et al. (cited in Ward and Daniel 2006), the term of management describe about the activities of middle management in an organization. These manager levels operate business unit levels and take decision making and also responsible for the development of their staff members. Further to Farbey et al. (cited in Ward and Daniel 2006), the operation benefits are classifieds in to goods and services which any firm provides. The main target is to get a worthy output which is differentiating from other vendors. While having a good operational benefits and giving it to the customers, the company can gain more benefits while gaining competitive advantage. Also in functional and support benefits, it identifies certain activities which are support for the core act ivities which relate to company production of the goods and services.At the level of strategy implementation, the firms perform discrete activities conceiving new ways to conduct activities, employing new procedures, new technologies, or different inputs. As suggested by Porter (1980), the value chain is a systematic way of examining all the activities a firm performs and how they interact. It scrutinizes each of the activities of the firm (e.g. development, marketing, sales, operations, etc.) as a potential source of advantage. The value chain maps a firm into its strategically relevant activities in order to understand the behaviour of costs and the existing and potential sources of differentiation. All the activities in the value chain contribute to buyer value, and the cumulative costs in the chain will determine the difference between the buyer value and producer cost.A firm gains competitive advantage by performing these strategically important activities more cheaply or bett er than its competitors. One of the reasons the value chain framework is helpful is because it emphasizes that competitive advantage can come from anywhere along the value chain. It is important to understand that how a firm fits into the overall value system and it should include the value chains of its suppliers, channels, and buyers.Porter (1996) builds on his ideas of generic strategy and the value chain to describe about the strategy implementation in more detail. Competitive advantage requires that the firms value chain be managed as a system. Positioning choices determine not only which activities a company will perform and how it will configure individual activities, but also how they relate to one another. This is crucial, since the essence of implementing strategy is in the activities choosing to perform different activities than rivals. A firm is more than the sum of its activities. Further to Porter (1996), a firms value chain is an interdependent system or internet of activities which has connected by linkages. Linkages create trade-offs requiring optimization and coordination.Porter (1986), has describes three choices of strategic position that influence the configuration of a firms activitiesVariety-based positioning based on producing a subset of an industrys products or services involves choice of product or service varieties rather than customer segments. Makes economic sense when a company can produce particular products or services using distinctive sets of activities. (i.e. Jiffy Lube for auto lubricants only)Needs-based positioning similar to traditional targeting of customer segments. Arises when there are groups of customers with differing needs, and when a trig set of activities can serve those needs best. (i.e. Ikea to meet all the home furnishing needs of a certain segment of customers)Access-based positioning segmenting by customers who have the same needs, but the best configuration of activities to reach them is different. ( i.e. Carmike Cinemas for theatres in small towns)Porters major contribution with activity mapping is to help explain how different strategies, or positions, can be implemented in practice. The key to successful implementation of strategy, he says, is in combining activities into a consistent fit with each other. A companys strategic position, then, is contained within a set of tailored activities designed to deliver it. The activities are tightly linked to each other, as shown by a 1.3 diagram of sorts. jib locks out competitors by creating a chain that is as strong as its strongest link. If competitive advantage grows out of the entire system of activities, then competitors must impact each activity to get the benefit of the whole system.Figure 1.3 Activity MapSource Porter, Harvard Business Review (1996)Porter defines three types of fitsimple consistency first order fit between each activity and the overall strategyreinforcing second order fit in which distinct activities hon or each otherOptimization of effort coordination and information exchange across activities to eliminate redundancy and wasted effort.To manage all these IS/IT strategies within the organizations and to achieve the competitive advantage, the management roles are also playing a huge role within the organization. The following section will talk about the levels of Management roles and how it supports to gain the competitive advantage for the organization.6.4 The Role of ManagementTo achieve the competitive advantage, the Management levels also contribute hugely. Efficient IS/IT systems enables management to co-ordinate, organise and to control with a good plan. It gives information needed for strategic planning and for day to day operations. Therefore senior executives, strategic planners and information system managers are increasingly looking onwards to get the use of IS/IT to achieve the competitive advantage. To prove this, there are several explanations in recent trends. Bakok and Treacy (1986), has identified that the underutilization of IS/IT as a serious problem for both IS/IT and for organization business managers. The main reason to narrow down to the IS/IT base competitive advantage are senior managements ignorance of IS/IT and its potential use and the myopic communications among the groups who deals with IS/IT and the rest of the business teams. Also the resistance to change among both IS/IT and business personal and a lack of focus about the opportunities are some serious reasons which organizations are facing.According to White (2009), there are three different of management levels are included within the management hierarchy. These different levels are categorized as strategic, tactical and operational. According to scitation.aip.org web site, when in a strategic level, organisations must manage total demand whilst they acquire new infrastructure, technology or skills. At the tactical level the aim is align resources to enhance customer value in the most profitable way. Operational level, the management aims to provide reliable delivery performance within supply constraints. Getting the balance right between strategic, tactical and operational decisions will have any business powering ahead.According to Gerber (1995), strategic decisions play a biggest role in the business. Its decisions focus typically external to the business oriented and its decision making create forward thrust in the business. This strategic business will include the following points.What business are you in?What is your vision for the business?Whats your business identity?What do you stand for?Which direction is the business headed?How will the business compete?Also Gluck, Kaufman and Walleck (1982), have suggested that strategic management in most companies evolves along similar lines, by varying rates of progress from the basic financial up to overall strategic management framework. Also the strategic decisions force management to access the cons equences of present decisions and do the changes as needed and to lead company to achieve it targets.The second major role is the tactical decisions. This involves the establishment of key initiatives of the overall strategy. Further to Gerber some examples we can take as, if organization decided to be the number one provider among the business competitors, then the organization must develop tactics such as implement a marketing system to achieve that outcome. This tactical decision is the domain of any business mission.Further to Gerber (1995), the next level is the operational decisions which determine how activities actually get done. This decision is mainly about who is going to do what and when. This will include the following termsHow will Organization overhaul their money this month?How will the company service that client?What is companies procedure for delivering an order?Who will be doing quality control?If an organization is making decisions involving process and procedu res, then these can identified as an operational decisions. Specially operational decisions are made in real time and make quick adjustment to achieve the desired outcome.Also according to Abdi and Sharma (2007), stated that strategic and tactical management roles are playing huge role within the flight operation handling while using information systems. When we consider such an operation, there cant be any small mistake. Even a one price decision will lead to a huge problem in airline industry. Therefore it is very clear that the management decisions are very important when organization deals with IS/IT. As stated by Boseman, Phatak and Schellenberger (cited in Vardrajan Clark 2002), management roles are process with concerned with determining the future direction of an organization and implementing decisions based on the aim to achieve organization long and short term objectives. Within every firm the nature of control changes with the level of management. Top level management i s mainly concerned about the issues which relate to strategic control. The lower level management is look after the operational issues.7.0 MethodologyThe following sections present research methods that are using for this research project.7.1 Selection of an appropriate research method(s)Following sections present a brief description of few research methods. Also this section explains the reasons to select those methods for this research project.7.1.1 Description of Research MethodsCase Study Research According to researcher Yin (1984, p. 23), the Case study research method is defined as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in which multiple sources of proof are used. Also the case study includes observations, questionnaires. Also each organization has unique feature and mainly the Case studies are used to identify such features and to show how the y affect the implementation of systems and how it influences the organizations.Action research According Emroy (1980), mentioned that, like Action research methodology is mainly need to be flexible and all-mains(prenominal) due to disruption in the plan and may not meet the needs of everyone involved. Also it is not well known or accepted in computing and information systems.Survey Research This method is used by the researchers when they want to gather data from some occurrence which is not possible to perform a direct observation.Experimental Research When we consider the Experimental Method, it is mostly depend on the experiments on a new technique or admission and have to compare the results against those obtained using the generally accepted technique or approach. Therefor it seems this research method takes more time and the results will vary with each organization (Emroy 1980).7.1.2 Proposed Research Method(s) for this studyMatching the above mentioned attributes of the res earch methods with this research project, case study is the best research method that can be used. particular and secondary data has to be used for this research project. Secondary data will be used get the theoretical aspects of role of management and

History of Makeup in Film

History of Makeup in FilmMakeup has been around and enduring changes since 3100- 2907 BC. Men and women in Egypt started with creams to keep their skin soft and glowing. Soon other countries started created their own form of composition. Makeup has been around for centuries and is still widely employmentd today.The egyptians use dark green colors for eyeshadows and for mascara they would tint eyelashes with kohl. Sometimes they would use the kohl for eyeliner. This kohl was very made from soot. In Rome they had the same ideas on how apply writing but the trends they did it were dangerous. The Romans believed that to be rich your skin had to be pale. To achive this look they would use chalk and even white lead.Because these methods were so dangerous many women died due to lead poisoning it ca employ a lot of health problems such as hairsbreadth loss,stomach problems and death. Eventually they started making makeup products from natural food ingredients. In the victorian era it w as believed that if you were wearing makeup wherefore you were a prostitutes or actresses. Any tough makeup or even a slight color change in hair, they would be looked down upon.By this time makeup was evolving and people got weary of using harmful chemicals on their face. Women had stopped using kohl for their eyelashes and started using hot wax and other oils. Instead of using flour to powder hoists Max divisor created a press powder around 1914.In film makeup actors would usually do their own makeup which caused them to incisively grab anything. Most of the products they used contained lead and mercury. To flap the desired look they would use an extremely heavy grease paint that was pink in color to re correct the luminousness from the film equipment. If the paint was applied to thinly the actors would look pale. To try to fight that they would also use black and red liners to try to hollow forbidden their eyes. They would perspiration under all of those stage lights an d every mark on their face would show. Max Factor and George Westmore realized this was a problem so Max created a special kind of grease paint that was a lighter product. You were able to build it up to however thick you wanted to and it hardly showed any vinegarish lines. He would set that grease paint with his pancake makeup which was really his new pressed powder. They still used the red and black liners to hollow come to the fore their eyes.His pancake makeup was used in Vogues of 1938 and Goldwyns Follies. It was only used in ikons but soon every integrity was wearing it offscreen. Max Factor went on to create his saucer empire. He started making foundations, lipsticks, eyeshadows, cheek tints etc. George Westmore went from a wig maker to a makeup artist. George invented a lot of tips and tricks for cinema makeup. Even the invention of rancid lashes. George opened a tiny makeup studio in 1917. He had big clients like Mary Pickford. He actually found a way to fake her curl s everyday.Film makeup has not changed. They use safer materials that have actually been tested. Also, they have also gotten more creative. For example they have been able to make safeise pieces to attach onto the skin and how to paint faces to look more like a character or a monster. Spirit gum was also introduced to the makeup macrocosm along with latex. The latex works great for making small wrinkles. Lon Chaney used to use wire and toilet paper to curve his nose up for one of his roles. It was a very dangerous way to curve his nose because the wire would make his nose bleed.The first time that horror makeup was used in a movie was Nov. 30th in 1925 with the Phantom of the Opera. In order to get the makeup effect, Lon Chaney would put his wig on along with a prosthetic piece for his forehead. He used black shadow for the underneath his eye to make it look like his eye was pulled down with a myopic hour of white on his bottom lash line to make the eye appear bigger. Also, he used a fish skin material and glued it down with spirit gum. They tried to glue his nose down with just spirit gum but it would always fall back down. They had wires running from his nose into his wig piece and the wire was restraind with the fish skin. They also had little wires for his mouth. His face had little tiny wrinkles all over the place white and black makeup was used to make him look a bit deadish. Then the last step was to give him new teeth to complete the look.In 1935 The Bride of Frankenstein was the next movie to use special effects makeup. Normally actors would do their own makeup but for this movie they brought in a makeup artist named bull P. Pierce. Jack created two scars under her chin that went into her hair. The scar making process took about an hour. They covered her face with foundation lipstick and false eyelashes. Then for her hair they just combed her hair upwards onto a little cage and added grey streaks. The creature of the Black Lagoon in 1954. The costume was made from molded rubber sponge.In 1973 The Exorcist used some sort of forehead piece. They covered up her eyebrows. Also, they used latex to create the cuts on her face and a little bit of bruise colors around her face to make her look possessed with the help of contacts. To create the vomit they used pea soup.In 1977 The flimsy Melting Man came out. For this makeup look they gave the actor an oversized helmet that they painted to look skeletal then with a flesh tone. Then they would put syrup and paint all over the mask. Each take they would have to apply more and more so it would look fresh.Next is Alien from 1979. For this movie they used a soft modeling material and snake vertebrates. Also, they used cooling tubes from a car. In 1984 Nightmare on Elm Street became popular because of Freddys burn down across his face. To create these burns the makeup artist used individual pieces to lay on the actors face. First, he started off by securing a bald cowling on with s pirit gum then latex. Then had to block out the eyebrows and his beard with a glue stick so the prosthetic pieces would not get stuck to the hair when he glued them down. He put the head piece on first, then the neck piece, he would secure the face piece and then the chin piece. All together there was 11 pieces that were put on. The makeup took about three hours to put on and taking it off. When all of the edges were blended and secure he would go over all of the burns with red paint then very lightly with a white color. The face pieces were forgeed out of silicone so they wouldnt have to start from scratch each day.In 1990 Edward Scissorhands came out and they brought in a mechanic to work on his hands. For his makeup he has a pale shade on his face, the underneath of his eyes have dark bags and that can be done with just a black eyeshadow thats lightly dusted. For the cuts on his face a small layer of latex is all the sfx makeup this movie needed.In 2000 The X-Men was released. F or Mystique they had a full body cast to sculpt the 110 pieces. About 60% of her body was covered in prosthetics. They did plaster casts of mostly all of the cast members. Also, they did casts for Wolverines hands. The makeup took around seven hours for just Mystique.2004 Hellboy was released. The makeup for Hellboy took four hours. First they used all foam pieces. They applied his back piece and put it over his head to attach to his chest. The last pieces that were applied were the facial prosthetic pieces that only left his lower lip. He was then painted all red.They would attach the lower lip part right before they started filming so he could eat or drink.Special effects makeup has gotten more advanced as the time goes by. The artist now have the filling to make prosthetics to make their job easier. The variety of makeup choices are larger. For example airbrushing in now a possibility. Instead of having to hand paint all of the prosthetics, it takes little time to airbrush tha n to paint every individual piece. Once youre done airbrushing you can spend more time focusing on the more important details.

Patients Rights Essay -- patients’ bill of rights

The practice of medicine in the 1960s saw a change in the doctor-patient relationship that ultimately cultivated the patients rights movement. Individuals sought to become proactive in the healthcare and the healing process of their bodies. Because the medical practice was evolving chop-chop in technology and specialized care, patients healthcare and rights became a major concern that needed to be addressed. In 1973 the American Hospital Association published a patients bill of rights that provided the patient with most advantageous healthcare available. This bill of rights required all accredited hospitals to accept this standard moving forward (Patients Rights, 2004). The American medical Association (AMA) developed a Code of Medical Ethics which includes the patient has a right to obtain and discuss health information related to benefits, risks, and be of treatment alternatives patients can make decisions pertaining to healthcare suggested by the physician the patient has t he right to courtesy, respect, dignity, and attention to healthcare needs in a timely manner and the patient has a right to confidentially, continuity, and adequate health care. (emedicinehealth, 2011). Communicating openly and honestly between the patient and doctor willing stand both parties to make decisions to properly take care of needs.Patients have the right to know all details related to the service or treatment that will be provided and the right to refuse any such service or treatment before it happens. This informed consent will communicate exact subprogram details, pain intensity and or disability period encountered, risk involvement, and any alternative methods of treatment and its risks. A patient will receive a concurrence... ...egrity of protect health information.Works Citedemedicinehealth. (2011). Retrieved February 23, 2011, from http//www.emedicinehealth.com/scriptFiore, K. (2011) HIPAA Violation Costs Cignet Millions. Retrieved March 15, 2011 from http//w ww/medpagetoday.com/tbprint.cfm?tbid=25036Patients Rights. (2000). Retrieved February 23, 2011, from The Royal Society of Medicine Health Encyclopedia http//lirnproxy.museglobal.comPatients Rights. (2004). Retrieved February 2011, 23, from New Harvard Guide to Women Health, The. http//lirnproxy.museglobal.com secrecy Rights Clearinghouse. (2011, January). Retrieved March 03, 2011, from PrivacyRights.org http//www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs8-med.htmU.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. (2011). Retrieved February 23, 2011, from hhs.gov http//www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa

managing change Essay -- essays research papers

MANAGING CHANGEChange is a necessary way of life. It is all around people in the seasons, in their social environment, and in their avow biological processes .Beginning with the first few moments of life, a person learns to meet change by being adaptive. A persons very first breather depends on ability to adapt from one environment to another. As indicated by the first quotation introducing this essay, each hour is different, offering people new experiences.Since valet de chambre beings are adaptive and familiar with change, how is it that they often resist change in their work environment? This question had troubled managers since the beginning of the industrial revolution, and the fast tranquility of change required by the electronic age has made its solution more important. Even when managers use their most logical arguments to support a change, they frequently discover that workers are unconvinced of the need for it.Work change The nature of work changeThe term work change refers to any alteration that occurs in the work environment. Its effect is illustrated in an elementary way by an experiment using air filled aviate. When a finger (which represents change) is pressed against the exterior of the balloon (which represent the organization), the contour of the balloon visibly changes at the point contact. Here an obvious pressure, representing change has produced an obvious deviation at the point of pressure. What isnt obvious, however, is that the inviolate balloon has been affected and has stretched slightly. As shown by this comparison, the generalization is drawn that the whole organization tends to be affected by change in any disjoint of it.The molecules of air in the balloon represent a firms employees. It is apparent that those at the spot of pressure must make drastic adjustments.though the change did not make direct contact with the employees, it has affected them indirectly. Though none is fired (i.e., leaves the balloon), the employees are displaced and must adjust to a new mend in the balloon. This comparison illustrates an additional generalization change is a benignant as well as a technical problem.Admittedly, the foregoing comparison is rough. A employing is not a balloon a person is not a molecule and people are not as free and flexible as ai... ...RefreezingUnfreezing means that older ideas and practices need to be cast aside so that new ones can be learned. Often this step of getting rid of old practices is about as difficult as learning the new ones. Changing is the step in which the new ideas and practices are learned so that an employee can say and perform in new ways. Refreezing means that what has been learned is integrated into actual practice. Resistance to change can be reduced by helping employees gain the need for each change, participate in it, and gain from it. In summary, five management guidelines for responsible change area.Make only necessary and effective change. Avoid unnecessary c hangeb.Change by evolution, not revolutionc.Recognize the possible effects of change, and introduce in with adequate attention to human needsd.Share the benefits of change with employeese.Diagnose the problems remaining after a change occurs, and treat themChange when improperly handled manifests itself in slowdowns and showdowns.