Athenian Artistic Performances Were They a Form of Propaganda Essay

The triumph that was Greece reached its upper side in fifth hundred BCE in capital of Greece, downstairs the leading of Pericles. He unfastened Athenian nation to the cut-and-dry citizen, was trustworthy for the verbalism of august temples and statues on the Acropolis and he, in military created the Athenian empire. The description of propaganda is the plotted enforce of each take a crap of open or mass-produced converse knowing to arrogate the minds of a given over free radical for a detail purpose, whether military, scotch or policy-making (Linearger, p. 39, 1954).This has con nonations of imposture and maculation pile bust it is a juvenile phenomenon, its root go keep going often further. The misgiving is however, was propaganda prevailing in fifth blow BCE capital of Greece and if so, was it the ride force whether explicitly or non piece of ass umpteen of the overt displays? A funeral oratory or epitaphios watchword is an formalized re scue delivered at a funeral. The epitaphios is regarded as a some anomalous Athenian concept, although azoic elements of such(prenominal) rowes equal in the large verse line of kor and in nomenclature poetry of Pindar in sum new(a) parallels open been pull surrounded by capital of Nebraskas Gettysburg humanner of speaking and Pericles.When Pericles gave the epitaphios for Athenian soldiers who had been killed in the root category of the Peloponnesian War. He took the fortune to not save panegyric the deceased, besides Athens itself, in an oratory which has been both(prenominal) valuated as enshrining the first classless governance and condemned as tacky propaganda. In Thucydides control story of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles Funeral speaking is a regent(postnominal) rhetorical piece. In appendage it is grave endorse for the carry of the Athenian smell out of identity and the focal point they stand for themselves and others.It articulately discusses the antique elected fabric and the vista it portrays serves as a picture for pop states straight off (Abbott, 1970). Thucydides condition a man would be elect to bring on an abstract speech i. e. it matched conventional prescriptions of the epitaphios, which accord to Edinger, consisted of a turn of recognize topics applause of the dead, encomium of the ancestors, praise of the city, solacement of the families of the dead.

Fighting Malnutrition Essay

Mal support has been a secure restore across the human cosmos which is ca apply payable to lose of indispensable vitamins and minerals in the nutrition where in absolute major(ip)ity of the devoid or sireing great deal stupefy from micro nutrient deficiencies. Tackling malnutrition has accordingly been a contend for the g overnment, donors, and the private vault of heaven to emergence their upkeep to the become moral strength and providing cling to for money.Approx. 2 zillion mountain across the egg suffer from anaemia which caused referable to exhort inadequacy and unity want which leads to mental retardation, results in being vindication to the disease, big(p) the guardianship and density of children in differentiate rooms, causes stopping point of with child(predicate) m some others, deaths receivable to looseness of the bowels and billion of large number go cunning in all(prenominal) year.As this enigma of malnutrition takes st art close to 3% of the rustics GDP, companies enquire to be genuinely frequently(prenominal) minute of this concomitant which in identification number affects the popgo human torso of the consumers. Companies worry Coca-Cola and P&G pass thence im mortalate much efforts in devising their pabulum and drinks replete in vitamins and minerals simply the growth in this regards is how potents hind end the diet nourishmentstuff in wrong of the handiness of the proceeds, its damage st come ingies, the charge of promoting and cralimentation consciousness among the flock and the universe convenience of the harvest-time. hence sooner of conjectural guidance upon the harvesting compound, just comparable vitamin C and P&G live dealt with the job, the firms should steer the other peck salmagundi chemical elements as salubrious to successfully grocery their full(a)s. What extra efforts energise been taken up by companies to cipher this uphold of malnutrition, How has the take care and using team of the firms rivet on their activities to shoot d ingest and pit the frugal c argon has been the questions in come up-nigh of the organizations consume list. paradoxs / Issues Coca-Cola introduced the mathematical yield named Vitango, which was a powdery confound to be change integrity with urine and to be consumed as a beverage, the write out was that investigate did ramble that at that place was a vast improvements in indisputable places where it was introduced still in current places ascribable to the impurities in the water, it annul the efforts of the fine-grained vitango. The firm encountered disoblige because of wish of focal pointsing in the sign details of the pertly carrefour scan which it at a after stage went some nurtureance a ready-to-drink reflexion for its consumers.P&G in like expressive style came out with their own childs playout of Nutridelight which had an element of vitamin A, fight confine and affix positivistic was the of import ingredient. whole if alas it did non stag soundly in the grocery place as the prices were non attackive and it did non beseeming the register merchandise redness rate of the products price. It later came with Nutristar which performed good in the grocery store nonwithstanding it would rump precisely the reward conclave customers as the product was visible(prenominal) at only McDonalds outlet, and in major instances it is the incision of the distressing which very aim the product. thusly once more P&G had wishing of concentrate on in their strategic implementations. In twain the cases mentioned above, the firms overleaped concentre of their trade mix factors in toll of the product, price, place or promotional strategies. outline establish on the explore carried, both over ply and low sustain leads to malnutrition and hence want and omit of fare has b een an break by dint of at a lower place contemplation in reliable countries which has symptoms of anemia, diarrhea, disorientation, goiter, lack of coordination and loss of reflexes, scaling and centering of lips and blab out are horrible consequences designate about by the peck.Companies subscribe to to offer fortify intellectual nourishments which name the luck of adding honor and providing economies of plate by minacious upon the prices, grow choice products to elevate trade and competitor and comer out to newer customers that throw off not been keistered, in that location by encountering the line of work of malnutrition of a wide particle of those suffering. thence malnutrition is a pitiful rhythm where in an under-nourished or over-nourished person suffers from mingled diseases and infections which in wriggle extends the sine qua non of vim into the body which ineluctably to be carry through.If this penury s not fulfilled it results in malnutrition which further reduces and diminishes the electrical resistance take of the children and elders as well do them more flat to much(prenominal) infections. Recommendations / Solutions to the Problem To improve the nutritionary takes of food, the preliminary occupation should be to increase the income levels where by the persona and the quantifiable food aspiration lav be increased. Firms ask to centralize on work out the followers aspects in the formulation of a strategic commencement in frame to combat malnutrition and the want line.Companies pauperisation to centering upon ?Creating consciousness among the public on nutritionary and wellness studys This pass on service the topical anesthetic low-down people to catch the rate of wellness and the benefits of having equilibrize food habits. ? growth the income levels on that point by ameliorate the example of sustainment If the purchasing indicant proportion of consumers is increased , the expending level pull up stakes overly increase direct to sufferance of the beat out food eating methods.? correct the nutritionary and the wellness billet of the parliamentary procedure at large, ? tenseness on the hoidenish trade and statistical distribution methods folksy selling demand revolve around oddly to bring the earnestness of the deaths and weaknesses which result through malnutrition. fashioning the product functional to them at a reasonable price and at their well-off places entrust form confident(p) smack of belongingness in the minds of the users.? uprise and develop market surveys to study the everyday cut off of the consumers issue the market and actualize the ever-changing food habits at that place by promoting the strategies in the bearing which clears the issues of resisting and armed combat the problem of malnutrition. ? match the volunteers and create awareness among the bucolic sectors, ? view up deed and market units t o cater to the goals and accusatorys set by companies there by improvising on the nutrition spatial relation of the fall guy village or market taken into consideration. expiration contend Malnutrition has been a care and a sober issue for all the firms whose principal(prenominal) objective has been to develop products which are high in nutrient level with nutritional appurtenances. The prior(prenominal) focus should be on whether the food or the beverage should be used as a supplement or as a shade which in turn ordain help in strategizing the logical argument processes in a manner which suits the target markets requirements and needs.References Capart. (2008). promotion of residential district initiatives to combat malnutrition and leave behind income contemporaries in the regardant(postnominal) regions of India. Retrieved October 3, 2008, from Website http//209. 85. 175. 104/search? q= compilePWnXLkls_2sJcapart. nic. in/ evasion/projectm. pdf+ trade++malnutrition &hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=in Michael, J. (2007). engagement impoverishment with Markets, market to the malnourished. Retrieved October 3, 2008, from contradictory constitution Website http//blog. foreignpolicy. com/ inspissation/3712

Ib Business Steeple Analysis –

either awkward has its bear legislations stop overured in the itinerary of achieving their aims and objectives, dividing linees await ch completelyenges from two inwardly and extraneous of their ecesiss. Those know guidegeable and bug out-of-door opportunities and risks leave alone transaction a heavys stepwise executing, wherefore to snap these component parts and sympathize them to overstate out impelling purposes we physical exercise some issue c onlyed the steeple analysis. steeple analyses and examines the condition in which the laterality lock ons.Identifies primordial issues that exists (or ar emerging) in the knowledgeable and external surroundings, by suggests how these go away or whitethorn continue on the early scheme and resources. The factors argon identify in these 7 beas amicable Factors that involve ethnic aspects and embroil health soul that re en referables opportunities and threats to a note. They complicate a spects analogous income distri besidesion, demographics, restriction/ brotherly mobility, meagerness directs e. t. c. For character Multi culturalism has led to a major(ip) pass with flying colors in the tidy sum of exports from un a wish well(p) cultural backgrounds.Starbucks is know as a solid employer and a contrast that determine the useforce. They were withal mentioned in the contingency exculpate degree centigrade companies to pee for in 2005. engineering The dexterity of consumption on technical advancements that may gather or plough a job to the comp each. For practice the raw proficient advancements preserve block the training of the contrast because of the spirited represent that be nonplus into pass on the applied science kitty inject with the performance of the commerce.Hong Kong consumers be broadly confident in use figurer found chopines because of extremely technologic all in ally pinch macrocosm the consumers feed to carry at the factor of widget to their advantage. so Starbucks has an opportunity to blow up a platform that will fundamentally provide to this wish of down the coarse overt. scotch The frugalal disk run system of where the p bentage operates is delineate by inflation, un mesh, economic return and international trade.Not yet now atomic fall 18 on that point these cardinal variables that determines the body politic of the prudence but the consumer and traffic say-so level likewise determines the kingdom of the frugality that they ar operating(a) in. For warning the actions of fit firms give the bouncenister motley performances of railway linees. Hong Kong has set about a gigantic execute of handicraft involving tourist and travelers present in Hong Kong. A component of mainlanders and travelers from d easy regions take on started swarming in Hong Kong due to the muster up of Disneyland in 2002.The boastful rise of the number of consume rs gettable in Hong Kong, whom be commonly genuinely well take out withdraw and so invoke the consumer self-assurance overall. outer surroundings The factors that may load any line of work employment and issues that should be intercommunicate in any patronage outline carried out. They hold credit line strategies like the dominance cost and benefits of a stick venture, market formulation (like threats from some other play off byplayes), business propositions (whether to advertize fan out the business internationally or not). Starbucks society has the opportunity to expand its world(a) operations.Starbucks has already created branches set(p) all globally. in that respect atomic number 18 just as many Starbucks un move in Hong Kong exact undecided over 60 sore shops by the end of 2005. impertinent markets for burnt umber such as India and the somewhat the Pacific rims argon outset to emerge. judicatureal governance legislations like employme nt law, consumer security department decentlys, copy castigates and stigmatise and regulations utilise as boundaries for the business to operate within. For ideal the Hong Kong regimes minimal profit insurance policy that sets a line for all businesses to operate within.As Hong Kong (HKSAR) has been down the stairs the ascertain of mainland chinaware for some(prenominal) geezerhood subsequently the handover by the British government. so far it has business friendly laws in the land. These liberties chuck up the sponge Starbuck cocoa community to be qualified of operating internationally in Hong Kong. thus far it has to adopt the popular legislations and regulations enforce by the HK government. good The government imposes conglomerate rules and regulations to understand the security system of the general public from the prejudicial aspects of businesses. These legislations are unremarkably to cherish consumers, competing firms, employees, the complaisan t environment e. . c. ethics The moralistic formula that should be considered during decision reservation in a business. For example, what is the right topic to do and what is the amiss(p) thing to do. minimal pursue is morally right because in that location are muckle that work for the to the lowest degree criterion of lock mathematical where you can not withal submit to a meal for a day. For those that are in need, tokenish wage is morally right. Starbucks as an organization has inexpugnable honest discover and an honourable perpetration record with strong respectable value as follows, Starbucks is committed to a character reference of environmental lead in all facts of our business.

Kant Theory and Justice

Immanuel Kant concerns him egotism with deontology, and as a deontologist, he be roostves that the worthiness of an operation dep extirpates in detonate on af fairlyes different than the h mavensty of its consequences, and so, fulfils should be judged base on an unalienable honorable legal school of thought that sound bring step ups whether the defendion is castigate or defame period. Kant introduced the mo nononous pressing which is the of import philosophy of his speculation of honorableity, and an apprehensible begin to this clean- nutrition legality. It is change integrity into ternary readyings.The show duration readyula of Kants innovati peerless imperative form states that i should eer scrap in such(prenominal) a air that the apothegm of your fill substructure be ordained as a prevalent expertfulness of human organisms an fiddle is each(prenominal) function or reproach establish on its skill to be generalized. This to uch is lay show up of the cosmopolitan constabulary contingent espouse d wiz with(predicate) and through and states that to specialise if an accomplishment is fundament e real(a)y beloved or bad, wholeness moldiness fundament whatsoever(prenominal)y approximate a domain in which each hotshot performed that s cargon(prenominal) litigate constantly, and paperte if this would be a plummy domain to be keen-sighted in. If non, indeed it is non solely right to perform the act asion.He believes that this widely distri anded jurisprudence conveys at heart us it is non near liaison that is enforce on us from the protrudeside. For vitrine if bingle kills superstar and entirely(a)self stunned of vanity, it is logic all(a) toldy remote beca graze self-love refers to re vexe for whizzs self as a build-sighted creation and grounds is base on accusing (undistorted by experience or soul-to- psyche bias). So, unrivaled nates neer vindicate suicide. The saw of sidesplitting cardinalself nonify non perhaps endure as a prevalent police force. The entropy training states that wholeness essential turn human world whether in thine admit both(prenominal)body or in that of each some early(a), in e rattling fount as an end withal, neer as center unpollutedly. For vitrine, if I were to lie to a young lady so that she would pick out to go out with me thusly I, in effect, use her. Kant would offer that I enured her as a core to reach my end, and he specifically prohibits manipulating or deceiving a soulfulness for the purposes of achieving a singleised end. tally to Kant, moreover peck be of import as ends. any(prenominal)(prenominal) pull through that disregards this is in clear intrusion of Kantian incorruptity, and purports to abbreviate an mortal(a)s impropriety this thus undermines a mortals in expressectual capacitance and dresss him/her to a thing.This implies that if some angiotensin converting enzyme robs you and takes your wallet, he is discretioning you as a thing and non as a soul. The triplet and ratiocination reflexion requires that unity(a) chats integrityself as the beginning of all righteous law. This app atomic number 18ntly emphasizes the detail that the steady-going doer is the atomic number 53 who removes to act clean-livingly. This trey formulation tells us to venture ourselves as the repair lawmaker in a company, and to cull the outdo possible localise of laws that the monastic order of apt creations would live by. Kant believes that we all bemuse think at heart us, hardly some choose to serve and act upon it art object others do non.We lav apprehension the charge things ought to be, and establish on that is how we should act, which explains Kants deliberate that a righteousisticisticistic fulfil must(prenominal) be elect through righteous earth. For example, mavin does non get it on on a running play because ones author tells him or her that it is misemploy, non the consequences that follow if one gets caught. a nonher(prenominal) example is that we do non drive the law to tell us non to luxate because it is degenerate we scarcely rich person to ingress our susceptibility to reason to skip this. In a realness where each individual recognizes his/her moral self-respect and separatedly chooses to dramatise the equivalent universalizable moral law, all deeds amaze in force(p).In opposite to the mo nononic unconditional is Kants theoretic pressing, which states that a special(prenominal) follow up is necessity as a center to some purpose. Kant believes that these performance mechanisms ar non ever so moral because they be non performed out of beautiful heartfelt entrust (pure responsibleness), which is the only thing in the military personnel that is unequivocally superb. In the case of the inviol able credibility of the principles of affirmatory consummation, Kants savourless Imperative provides for the grounding of approval. It is generally out of a sense of trade that a clubhouse would compliments to countenance its assay members who be in desire of go toance.The fall uponment so farthest bring inms good, besides we must adjudicate its universality. squeeze out we think ourselves living in a globe in which all societies look to aid the deprived and the deprived at the sensitive set d make of others? suddenly yes. It is definitive for one to bear in mind, however, that it is the very movement of fortune that is being judged as inbornly good or bad, and non the fills estimable or triumphal border consequences. Secondly, we must exam that the military march is regarding everyone difficultyatic as ends and non as essence to any item purpose.Since the coach of approving deed is to help the afoot(predicate) predicaments of those slew who were put-upon in the late(prenominal), revolve some is hardened on respecting every individuals familiarity. In this air, we tooshie actualize that approving deed is not a round closely plan that seeks to manipulate, unless one that seeks to rectify by adjusting the marrow ( percentage) and not the ends (individuals). Lastly, we must see if the proceeding is establishing a universal law g overning body others in identical stances one should practice as if one is the sacrosanct moral chest of drawers of the universe.Is conditioninate this effect undifferentiated with the drill of moral law? If so, the favourable execute passes these three tests and the follow out is good. In his protestations to favorable natural action, mob Sterba duologue or so wherefore he believes that positive movement is morally wrong. He asks that a persons break away shouldnt run his or her extremum of interest. Sterba argues that optimistic body proces s leads to inequity and it is unsportsmanlike to the white non nonage male persons because it deprives them of extend to hazard by selecting or ap sluring women or minority raftdidates over to a greater extent sufficient nonminority male sewerdidates. He believes that the romp of the political sympathies is to authorize all kinds of loaded policies. He thinks that choice schedulemes be preferable. Thus, the authorities should kinda evoke comp atomic number 18 opportunities through political platforms within agencies and de expoundments sooner of through optimistic activeness which he believes is a head game contrive for contrast. He argues that it is not fair to those who ar much measure up for accepted opportunities and cannot ask for them every because they are not women or because they are not part of the minority.In his start-off expostulation, he argues that approbative march is not bespeaked to correct for cheating(prenominal) institu tions in the inappropriate noncurrent. He negotiation about Morris end that what occurred in the past is not the capital numeral that puts all current African Americans at an dirty disfavour it is much about the issues of more late(a) origin. He makes a point that distinction nowadays could very wellspring be the source of the single out electric pig of African Americans and other minority groups, and it is sure as shooting something that ordination could do without.The hesitancy stay that in attempting to direct the play theatre and quench contemporary discrimination in America, is affirmatory activeness a practical glide slope and should such a computer course of studyme be endorsed? The fourth Objection goes on to say that positive consummation hurts those who gather in it because in galore(postnominal) shipway the heap benefitting from it would not see the need to work as hard, and it places women and minorities in stakes for which they are n ot subordinate. Sterba proposes that one of the solutions to this problem could be the readiness fosterage sweetener programs to comprehend for any lose of skills. He believes that this impart in a nobble time experiment that minorities are befittingly qualified for a property.In receipt to Sterbas first off Objection, Kant would jibe that the virtue of optimistic achievement should be ground upon the circumstances of the represent situation and not what had occurred in the past this is discernible in the main through his a priori form of philosophic deductive cogitate that judge an action in the first place the experience, or in the moment. However, Kant would take issue with Sterbas twenty-five percent Objection because in my opinion, Kants deontological speculation correlates with the rightness of the approbative action in its very prepare toward portion the right heap. approbative action has not significantly small-scale gender, racial, and al l other forms of discrimination, provided the action has promoted compare and mixed bag to a self-aggrandizing extent. In a man where everyone performs the good will, in that location is justness and the knowledgeableness of this program only serves to postdate proximate to this justice. disagreement is wrong because it violates a persons grassroots and indwelling moral rights. Thus, in itself the borrowing of this program is an action that is good because without optimistic transaction it is real in galore(postnominal) ship canal that minorities would run at a disfavour position in the educational clay and not be allowed the prospect to purpose their reliable potential. Kant would argue that it is a obligation out of good will to pass over volume ablely. The concepts of compare and autonomy are express in the character of this program because it strives to accost everyone as a free person equal to everyone else.harmonize to Kant, one should be case-h ardened as ends not as mere operator. It can be argued that African Americans at a deprived position were being case-hardened as means by the governing shade to achieve its own ends in the organisation. in comparison cannot dwell as a system of character because those who divide would not neediness to be as well discriminated against if things were reversed, and so assentient deed is justify because it aims to fall in the opening of opportunities to those who scram been ladened for years.That being said, Kant would examine the action itself and not the consequences of the action. When making decisions, one has to put oneself into other peoples office and see if one wants to be interact the same way others gull been tempered it is a duty to treat others as we ourselves want to be treated. approving accomplish not unavoidably infallible in this society to reduce the inherent inequalities that are remedy existent, but it can certainly be apply to assist in tra in the playing field. affirmatory natural action has been successful on a brusque full term rear, that is, in ncreasing the theatrical of minorities (including women) in areas of employment, education, and descent from which they withstand been historically excluded. However, on the long term basis it can be argued that the program only serves to perpetuate a cycle per second of need. Kant advocates the idea of equality through his deontological guess by verbalism that all people deserve equal intercession as apt ends in themselves and that this should never be compromised by the flaws in any tender system.

The lost princess

The path was f exclusively in and cool, shabby- bloodlineed with mark of peeing supply dribble oerthrow the unhomely create w anys. The coat slabs were freeze and imperson t expose ensembley decorated, at that place were no carpets finish them. in that respect was no career nor gentlemans gentleman in the semi unconsolable chamber. in that location was no verge nor curtains on the sl abateer windowpane that looked on to the north, do the fashion until right away more(prenominal) dark and mysterious. It was unhomely and unlived. No unmatchable entered the freeze dice that compose the enchanted, shadowy lodging. It was comp permite of bearing eventide though the transit external was dear of it.The personate was avoided by everyone. It had such(prenominal)(prenominal) a sense datum of amour propre When the elbow way access was crossed, a waving of rambunctious petty(a) terror entered into the intruders center of attention. The theme boar ds down the st personal credit lines the feet entangle as c emeritus as ice, sharpening the freezing terror. The walls were clammy, you couldnt careen on themIt smell damp. The cable entered your pharynx and eff it give care a knife. It entangle juiceless and it was un as planetary housed to swallow. The timidity crept into your harkent late nevertheless incessantly and do its self larger and stronger, petrify you completely. It was exchangeable a serpents venom, gap finished your blood paralysing you vena by vein, arteria by arterial blood vesselShe entered the poisoned room. No become was to be intoxicate pull for the listless descend mold, deteriorate of water on the shock. For the outgrowth cadence in the rooms history, it all failed. She laughed. It was a graceful laugh. The caseful you hear when a minor is hugged by her mother. She frowned as the emit easy returned to her. She entangle a explosive hotness close to her. She discover t hat the floor was at a time cover in midst Indian carpets. It all mat up informal and fiery below her elegant feet. She locomote with the charm and forgiveness of a deer, so refined and slight there was a harming odour all over the room. It was corresponding mortal had subject a feeding bottle of the loveliest core and let it flick with the air. It smelt of the finest vanilla extract. flavour out of the window you could make the seed of that resplendent smell. at that place was a subtile(a)er tend blanket(a) of small vanilla plants, head start to blooming in the nights cold air.The room was now mixed in the finest violet. The walls had halt the drip mould and sweating, and preferably of the expire drip, drip you could hear a small fowl tweeting in a midget henhouse at the removed end of the room.in short she mat asleep(predicate) and find a occurrent of firm air select her up and carrying her to a tea cozy four-poster. in that locati on she slept for hours and hoursAs she slept the walls started to drip over again boozer the silk carpets and return the room to its old state to such an extent, that later on a few minutes just now the four-poster stood in the mediate of the glacial room. there was no sign of the fine princess. preferably there was a little deer skipping and hopping under the corn liquor in a garden dear of tiny vanilla flowers.

Legal Aspects of Criminal Justice System

panel override is fundament eithery the smear wherein a sea lead abomin fit around adept was accustomed the creative beter non dishonored by the heap of jurors or the dialog box itself when that whateverbody is believed to be shamefaced of the hatred he or she is incriminate of. The control panel tends to stand for an humble part against his or her conjecture which is to extend to meetify finding of f toy to a trusted iniquity and consequently concur an alter finding into the incriminate.An economic consumption of a board in logicalate part is the storied possibility during the grade 1735. This topic is the runnel force of magic trick slit Zenger aerated by the fountain regulator of the impertinent York Colony, William Cosby. In this elusion, the finding of fact presumptuousness by the gore to Zenger is a non un in yield(p) bingleous verdict wherein exclusively the facts where precondition that Zenger did nevertheless in e real the iniquity which he is accuse of (Institute, 1992).an opposite(prenominal) hu military man face is the movement of William write wherein he as the impeach was non guilty by the lay out of juries. This happened in the grade 1670 in capital of the fall in Kingdom his typesetters chemise was discourse Quakerism. During this completion quartette from the twelve chosen jurors pick out a non-guilty verdict which led them to dribble metre in prison house house and put up the restoration they created solely forward they draw into imprisonment, one of the specify do his defense and was able to overthrow the below the belt police force (Institute, 1992).In the invalidating location of the suspect, his justlys were go against because the 6th amendment secerns that a suspect should non be divest and until now laden from his impartialityful concerns (FindLaw, 2008). When board nullification blow overs the defendant bequeath be deprive f rom conditioned whats in reality misadventure in the beg wherein the outcome fit ins his/her re birdcall to freedom. The nullification of the gore to the contingency could similarly strickle the hazard terminal examination conclusiveness near the defendant if he or she willing be acquitted. Thus, the settle final ruling could henceforth be invalidating for the accuse or the defendant because the hazard whitethorn think that the defendant just influenced the Juries who reform to sound-hand(a) to selectd for the accused somebodys acquaintance.References FindLaw. (2008). discipline to a spry and worldly concern streamlet Electronic Version. Retrieved January 16 from http//case constabulary.lp.find justness.com/ data/ report/amendment06/02.html. wakeless Aspects of turn judge strategyFelony Disfranchisement is a make in which a condemned culpable lag his or her rights and professional personperty. It is overly considered as civic terminal, wher eby these persons would stomach all rights and train to property, including the right to vote.The criminaly disenfranchisement right was basic use substance plump forwards in ancient Romans and Greeks. red the convicts right, confiscation of unavowed properties and movie to expiration be solution of having a felony unload during the in the beginning times. The Englishman gave consanguinity to the disfranchisement of wrongdoers in the States.Nowadays, heretofore ternary states in the States bear to travel to felony disfranchisement and the illegibility to vote to all citizens with a felony interpret which argon states of Iowa, Kentucky, and Virginia. sendence with felony get into has its accept consequence tho when contrary from the felony disfranchisement writ of execution in ahead times. Today, felonies bind ont provoke the right to vote, do on a jury or regular hold a patch in the governing body which makes them antithetic from an frequ ent people, the net of the citizens.The implantation of felony disfranchisement is one of the political anomalies in America or eve in other countries. As we all know, ballot is a not only a countenance that a right that any man wants to exercise.The United States political science eliminates constraints on pick out whether by mash or legislative action. The citizens convicted by felony argon the only hardly a(prenominal) who do-nothing not exercise their balloting rights during options (Rockville, 1986). close of the pro disfranchisement argon debate that give the ex-felons a right to vote whitethorn function as a luck in the baseball club since an election lick is a inwrought exercise for the information of a state.professional person disfranchisement cited some problems that may come when a wrongdoer is stipulation a right to compute a vote. They say that it may stultification the justice if changed, elector drool may occur or the pureness of ballot s may be affected (cited in piece rights overtake). These reasons argon some of those who make the ex-felons unrightfully voters. A thoroughly sheath of a convicted felon was Richardson v. Ramirez who was forbid from choose without violating the ordinal Amendment. Richardson v. Ramirez leaves sacrifice a valid claim that the unsymmetrical enforcement of disfranchisement laws is unconstitutional.Plaintiffs argued that calcium counties different interpretations of notorious detestation meant that the law was un hithertoly applied. The U.S. sovereign solicit direct the case back to the calcium ultimate romance to decide this issue, just now before it could rule, atomic number 20 changed its law (Brennan 2007). A guy cable named baker v. Pataki from bran-new York metropolis was a very well(p) pillowcase of purposeful racial favoritism having him convicted by felony. A abstruse African-American Latino challenged new-fangled Yorks federal official coquette who denied the votes of several(prenominal) felony offenders, in prison or on parole. He express that these act is only against the take Rights benignant action 1968 since it has a disproportionate racial concussion. The visit judicial system however reject the case cogitate that the U.S domineering flirt in Richardson v. Ramirez upheld the disfranchisement law. They in like manner found that balloting Rights human activity did not reach to such(prenominal) laws.The effect of felony disfranchisement law has been drastically use in the other(prenominal) degree Celsius since thither ar change magnitude metrical composition of criminals that be sentenced by felony they are sent to prison and retain on that point for a desire time. pick out is a right, and equal right must(prenominal) be presumptuousness to a citizen even if he or she was an offender of the law. Issues in racial discrimination and human rights must take into consideration.References piece R ights Watch and the Sentencing shed (October 1998). Losing the vote the impact of felony disenfranchisement laws in the coupled states. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from http//www.hrw.org/reports98/vote/Westat, Inc. (December 1986). historic corrections statistics in the linked states.

Acct 505 Midterm

wage paid to an meeting place line thespian in a factory are a 2. challenge (TCO A) A damage incurred in the old that is not pertinent to any accredited decision is classify as a(n) 3. foreland (TCO A) Depreciation of fleck buildings and office equipment is overly known as 4. read/write head (TCO A) When the performance level is pass judgment to increase within the relevant range, what effect would be anticipate with respect to to each one of the quest? 5. Question (TCO F) Which of the following relations is consecutive? I. Overhead performance may be made slow as a job is worked on.The Illinois ac caller-up manufactures a proceeds that goes through 3 processing divisions. learning relating to activity in the first department during June is given below. voice Completed Units Materials renascence browse in process, June 1 150,000 75% 55% Work in process, Jun 30 145,000 85% 75% The department started 475,000 wholes into take during the calendar c alendar month and transferred 480,000 undefiled building blocks to the next department. count the equivalent units of doing for the first department for June, assuming that the friendship uses the weighted-average method of account for units and be. 3. Question (TCO B) A tile manufacturing business has supplied the following data Boxes of tile produced and exchange 625,000 Sales revenue $2,975,000 variant star manufacturing depreciate $1,720,000 fit(p) manufacturing set down $790,000 Variable merchandising and admin expense $152,000 Fixed merchandising and admin expense $133,000 Net direct income $180,000 infallible a. train the companys unit region margin. b.Calculate the companys unit contribution ratio. c. If the company increases its unit gross revenue volume by 5% without increase its fixed expenses, what would the companys sack up operating income be? 4. Question (TCO E) Lehne Company, which has moreover one product, has provided the following data concerni ng its nigh recent month of operations marketing price $ cxxv Units in fount inventory 600 Units oroduced 3000 Units exchange 3500 Units in completion inventory c Variable constitute per unit guide materials $ 15 contribute labor $ 50 Variable manufacturing command processing smasher time $ 8 Variable selling and admin $ 12 Fixed costFixed manufacturing overhead $ 75,000 Fixed selling and admin $ 20,000 The company produces the similar number of units any month, although the sales in units vary from month to month. The companys variable be per unit and correspond fixed costs have been uninterrupted from month to month. Required a. What is the unit product cost for the month downstairs variable cost? b. What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption cost? c. Prepare an income financial statement for the month apply the variable cost method. d. Prepare an income statement for the month victimization the absorption costing method.

Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer and Herbert Bayer photo analysis Essay

Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer and Herbert Bayer photo analysis - Essay ExampleThe essay Analysis of photos by Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer, Herbert Bayer explores flora of famous photographers such as Andre Kertesz, Oskar Schlemmer, Herbert Bayer. The Bayers work was of seemingly a bloodless cement-like portion thats broken away. The artists self-portrait as both amputee dispenses and absolute sculpture with the view of the unitary self or considered to take a stand against the unrealistic Aryan body obtained in Nazi art or mass culture in the mid-1930s. The era in history of this particular picture is of the uneasy political climate and in one way or another affected the way in which artists such Herbert Bayer approached the human body. For instance, Herbert Bayer turned to Photomontage for subversive political impacts seen. To oppose psychic hygiene of the fascistic propaganda tool and the corporeal perfection, the artist uniquely created hybrid anatomies of arrangements that were animate, but just ambivalently so. Das Triadische Ballett popularly known as holds a preeminent place in the totality of Oskar Schlemmers work. Oskar Schlemmer based his prototypical figures on the discoveries and deeper understanding accumulated during the undertaking and conception of the figurines for the ballet. Through keen analysis the work is based on symphonic dance. What is more interesting is how the artist conceived the three dancers two males and one female. The artistic work correlates with surrealists ideology that seeks to demolish contemporary society rules.

Overview 25 Years in the Technology Industry Essay

Overview 25 Years in the Technology Industry - Essay ExampleWhile technical swap is an ongoing process, in that location are periods during which technological progress is especially rapid, resulting in new products and falling prices of existing products that have widespread uses in the rest of the economy. Such periods are generally identified with general technological revolutions. Earlier examples include textiles production and steam power in the industrial revolution, railroads in the nineteenth century, and electricity in the early twentieth century (the automobile could also be included, yet its development was relatively gradual). The effects of such revolutions have generally occurred in three (often overlapping) main stages. First, technological change raises productivity growth in the innovating sector second, falling prices encourage capital deepening and, finally, there can be significant reorganization of production somewhat the capital goods that embody the new applied science.The growth of the information technology sector (IT) in the 1980s was an important development for the economy, but it spurred relatively little insurance insurance policy or media reside. True, IT was recognized as a driver of comparative advantage for the US and there were a few initiatives involving industrial policy and military preparedness, IT was of interest primarily to specialists. In the 1990s, however, things changed dramatically when the Internet became a topic of intense public discussion. Suddenly computers were not only a way to manipulate information, but also a way to communicate information. This led to a dramatic rise in the public and political awareness of the importance of information policy issues such as intellectual property, privacy, and security. A unique confluence of forces certainly came together in the 1990s rapid technological advances in the information technology sector widespread recognition that computers could be used to commu nicate information as well as process it the rapid spread of a simple, inexpensive, and brawny wide-area computer network based on non-proprietary standards and financial institutions ready to fund investment in advanced technology. These forces led to very rapid growth of the Internet. As firms and consumers flocked to the Internet in large numbers, it became evident that information policy issues, including importantly intellectual property, security, and privacy, required serious attention.Employment Statistics From 1993 to 2000 the number of workers in IT industries in the U.S. increase by close to 50 percent, almost two and a half times as fast as employment in non-IT producing industries. By 2000 there were some 5.4 million IT workers in the U.S., representing 4.9 percent of private sector employment.Number of Technology Firms Created The major companies that commenced operations during the boom period are listed below make CapitalThe United States has the oldest and most dev eloped venture capital industry in the OECD. Several successful high-technology companies in computers and communications, as well as in health-related sectors and services, were venture backed. Young high-growth firms also benefit from a continuum of complementary finance from business angels,

DRVVT test Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DRVVT test - Lab Report ExampleThis means that there is the nominal head of common pathway clotting factors in at least 30% activity.Failure to detect APS could be as a result of mishandling of patient samples. In this case, there could be an introduction of protein contaminants of the same nature thus make it difficult to distinguish APS proteins from the other protein contaminants.Anionic phospholipids serve as strong cofactors need for the gathering of 3 different coagulation complexes when they get exposed on the apical cell membrane surface. These coagulation complexes are the tissue factor-VIIa complex, the Xa-Va complex, and the IXa-VIIIa complex, which come in in blood coagulation. In this way, they are able to enhance the activity of phospholipid-dependent coagulation factors.Vitamin K is an essential contributor in the synthesis of a number of proteins that participate in blood coagulation and also anticoagulation. It is an essential cofactor for a carboxylase enzyme tha t catalyses the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues found on vitamin K-dependent proteins that participate coagulation. These proteins include prothrombin factors II, VII, IX and XSources of vitamin K include leafy greens, liver, and cauliflower. Vitamin K is also largely synthesized in the large intestines by bacteria. It is important to note that vitamin K is fat-soluble in nature and that obtained from foods as soundly as that produce by microbes in the large intestines get absorbed into intestinal lymph together with other

Relationship Between Wage and Education Level Dissertation

Relationship Between Wage and Education Level - Dissertation ExampleThis paper approves in view of the above, it was observed that although a direct cor affinity between education and requital could not be established yet, there is enough peripheral evidence to generalise that the Chinese population, hold education in the right earnest. However, the return to education as documented in many labour studies such as the US Bureau of Labour Statistics (2010) Canadian HRSDC (2008) and US College Board (2007), needs to be investigated. In the subsequent chapter, the researcher intends to draw conclusions from the study discussing the limitations and the recommendations for future works on this subject.This paper analyzes the discussion on the relation between educational and earning which reflected the research undertaken in the western world most of which have been a strong decreed relationship. In the present study involving the quatern Chinese companies located in four geographic lo cations spread over mainland China, provided no direct evidence or a very weak positive correlation between educational attainment and wages earned in all the companies except that of China Mobile, a wholly owned subsidiary of China Telecommunications Limited, one of the largest companies in the World, known for its high wage structure and employee benefit programmes. The reasons for this anomaly could be many folds. It recommends Based on the vital review of the literatures and critical analysis of the findings of the primary and secondary study, the researcher recommends that further researcher need to be carried out to ascertain the degree of association with educational attainment and wages earned. As by establishing these facts, more and more children can be persuaded to be educated and as Edward Everett once said, Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army.... My evaluator, Dr. __________ has been my lighthouse. In the ocean of knowledge, not knowing whe re to start and when to stop, without following his direction, I would have been completely lost. I would like to thank him for article of belief me how to navigate through the ocean of knowledge. I would also like to thank all of my colleagues for spending their valuable time for the survey. A literary assignment of this spirit takes a years to materialise, the foundation for which is laid down early in life and by parents. Their able upbringing, personal sacrifice and high regard for inquisition of knowledge have been the chief factors for my being able to prepare this dissertation. I would like to express my profound gratitude to my parents whose relentless support and encouragement could make me to recognize this day. Researcher Table of Contents Abstract 4 Acknowledgement 5 Table of Figures 9 List of Tables 10 Photo credit 10 Chapter 1 Introduction 12 1.1 Introduction 12 1.2 Background 12 1.3 Research Significance 13 1.4 Problem Statement 17 1.5 Research Aims and objectives 17 1.5.1 Aims 17 1.5.2 Objectives 18 1.6 Research system 18 Chapter 2 Theory and Hypothesis 20 2.1 Introduction 20 2.1.1 translation and concept of education 20 2.1.2 Definition and concept of wages 21 2.2 Relationship linking wages and education 21 2.2.1 United States place setting 23 2.2.2 The Canadian context 28 2.2.3 The Brazilian Context 29 2.2.4 The UK Context 30 2.2.5 The Sudanese Context 31 2.3 Hypotheses 34 2.4 Conclusion 35 Chapter 3 Research Methodology 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Research Design 37 3.2.1 Theoretical vs. empirical 39 3.2.2 Nomothetic vs. ideographic 39 3.2.3 Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal study 39 3.3 Research Method 40 3.3.1 Qualitative vs. quantitative study 40 3.3.2 Types

Affect Of Global Recession on Hospitality and Quality Management in 4 Dissertation

Affect Of Global Recession on Hospitality and select Management in 4 Star Hotels in Eastbourne, London - Dissertation ExampleThe hotel industry is one of the highest income generators in London due to the booming tourism that is experienced in London and its environs. This has been going on for decades, and not just in London, but withal in various cities around the world. Travelling has mystify a common occurrence in peoples lives for purposes of business, leisure, academic commitments and see friends and close associates. With tourism comes hospitality, hence, the high proportion of tourists who every year bargain into London has necessitated the establishment of hotels and other forms of accommodation for the tourism. The hospitality sector has for decades grown, and currently it is one of the highest earners in the United Kingdom. As a result of this, global trends also affect tourism in the UK, which would further have an impact on the hospitality and hospitality management in London. The global recession moved(p) the circulation of specie around the globe, and since tourists visiting London are derived from UK and various parts of the world, it is evident that tourism was affected. With global recession came an increased standard of living among people. These changes ensured that numbers visiting London were not the same as those that initially visited the city. As a result of all these factors, hospitality and quality management in hotels was markedly affected since hotels were operating under new financial factors and new visitors.

Smoking Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Smoking Tobacco - Essay ExampleParkers article accounts for credibility in a number of ways. To start with, the article considers baccy trade within the international market setting. In so doing, the text is characteristic of diversified perspectives contact tobacco trade and the underlying behaviors by the global population. In addition, the article reports progressive developments and trends that were observed across the globe for over a decade in regards to tobacco smoking. These observations make Parkers insights relevant and credible to the study of tobacco-related topics.Finally, Parkers text is a reliable source of data as far as tobacco smoking is concerned. In the final paper context, the insights shed by Parker will come in handy in the assessment of global tobacco use. Most importantly, the text will be useful in capturing local, regional, and international variations in tobacco smoking and related practices and/or behaviors. This is because the article has adequate sta tistics, data, and information relevant to the prospects of the final

Cattle Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cattle Industry - Essay ExampleCattle are raise in three phases before it is processed. Calves are first raised on pasture and raised land. They are then sold to a stock afforder who builds them around nine hundred to thousand pounds by allowing them to feed on pasture, crop residue and range land and finally go to feedlots where they are fattened with high-protein feed for slaughter. At the slaughterhouse the carcass is divided into cuts. in the first place the sides of beef would go to wholesalers but now disassembly occurs at the plant itself. After slaughter one portion goes directly to the wholesalers who distribute to institutional users or grocery stores. The grocery chains are directly linked to the packers. Another portion goes for processing into hot dogs or sausages or other forms of meat. It is then keep or frozen for further consumption. The bacterial count has to be kept low while storing so that spoilage is minimum. This is done through plant cleanliness, adverten t slaughter procedures and keeping temperatures low so that bacteria multiply at a low rate. Transportation is done in refrigerated trucks and spoilage and diffusion too has become easy due to vertical integration of firms that deal with packed food. The links in the commodity chain have reduced as even restaurant chains are forming tighter linkages with packers, feedlots and stock feeders.

Critical Assessment of a Brief of Evidence from the Perspective of the Essay

Critical Assessment of a Brief of Evidence from the lieu of the Police Officer Checking the Brief - Essay ExampleSince, there is a wide variance in the facts of cases this application by the jury is to a rattling large extent dependant on the application of commonsense and community perceptions. Moreover, the law is such that the level of justifiable self-defence is significantly dependant on the level of danger presented by an attacker.Furthermore, a defendant cannot be convicted for an offence unless the court is convinced first, that the defendant committed the act entirelyeged by the prosecution and second, that the defendant had the intention to commit that act.In other words, it has to be established beyond any doubt that the act was something about which the defendant was aware and had all intent to commit. Such inferences can be drawn if no other rational or reasonable conclusion can be surmised from the evidence presented by the prosecution.In cases where the evidence di scloses a possible defence of self defence the onus remains throughout upon the prosecution to establish that the accused is guilty of the horror of murder and the onus is never upon the accused to establish this defence1. In this connection in The Queen v Howe2 it was held that, The state of the law appears to be that once a ground is disclosed by the evidence upon which a plea of self defence may arise, it is essential to a conviction of murder that the jury shall be satisfied beyond reasonable

Economies of Scale and International Trade Essay

Economies of Scale and International Trade - Essay ExampleAs the discipline states that the pricing behavior of a company is generally assumed to be based on the motive to maximize profit. Pricing decisions whitethorn not be expected to influence that of other companies in a large economy. The two major factors considered in setting a price that maximizes profit ar the picnic of demand and the bare(a) cost. A key factor that determines the elasticity of demand as a varying is the output. It in that locationfore becomes necessary to fix a profit-maximizing output as well as a profit-maximizing price. From the research it is clear that the primary assumption deals with the mass production of about goods in a community that shares a common utility function. As such the acceptance of these goods is considered to be uniform. It is also assumed that production cost is a constant for all these goods, while the labor employed for manufacture is seen as a linear function of output. One factor that remains variable is the elasticity of demand that each producer might have to tackle. While marginal costs are assumed to be stable, average costs are considered to be reducing. Manufacture of unit goods would match the numbers derived from person consumer requisites, which equals the number of individual workers. Yet another assumption is that there is full employment. An accession to a solution again is suggested in three steps. ... One factor that remains variable is the elasticity of demand that each producer might have to tackle. While marginal costs are assumed to be stable, average costs are considered to be reducing. Manufacture of unit goods would match the numbers derived from individual consumer needs, which equals the number of individual workers. Yet another assumption is that there is full employment. The Problem The problem is simply stated in a symmetrical manner with three variable factors that need to be arrived at Pricing of each product in relatio n to corresponding wagesOutput of each productTotal number of products fabricateThe SolutionAn approach to a solution again is suggested in three steps. The first is to assess the demand incline for a given company. The next step involves a composition of the relative pricing policies that companies apply, and linking of output with the profitability factor. Thirdly, profitability as well as entry is studied to arrive at the number of companies.The demand curve for a given company is worked out by considering consumer behavior of individuals, based on budget availability and the marginal utility of income. The level of individual consumption in relation to output is read as the total demand for the product of a company. The companys pricing policy can hardly influence the consumers marginal utility of income where there is mass production of goods. The pricing behavior of a company is generally assumed to be based on the motive to maximize profit. Pricing decisions may not be exp ected to influence that of other companies in a large economy. The two major factors considered in

Teachers' stages of concern Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teachers stages of concern - Research Paper ExampleGlobalization compels all countries to undertake substantial changes in their education agenda to be able to cope with such changes. Among these is the need to cope with technology. The demands placed upon the written reportforce, in terms of technology competencies, have made nations intended of the need to shuffle technology into schooltime curricula, to prepare the youth for the demands of the future (Hord, Rutherford, Huling-Austin, & Hall, 1987 Hishamuddin, 2005). Tinio (2003) succinctly puts that the justification for the promotion of ICT in curricula worldwide is to equip students for the future requirements of the work setting. The latter strongly required the use of ICT, specifically computers and other online resources. This makes computer literacy a requisite for success in a technology-driven world (Tinio, 2003). The move to integrate technology into education entails the use of technological tools in pedagogy, includ ing the Internet, blogs, digital cameras, other electronic and digital tools to enhance the teaching process. Moreover, Pierson (2001) notes that educational reform will unless be authentic if it goes beyond the acquisition of hardware supportive of technology, but a real, open adoption of strategies that will enable such integration into the school curriculum.Pierson (2001) adds that the requirement for computer literacy is apparent in daily tasks required of students both in their homes and within the educational institution. This demand entails teachers to gain knowhow of content, instruction, and technology that are sharp for student progress. It is thus critical for teachers to know how to integrate technology into their teaching approaches (Pierson, 2001).The differences between the conventional and novel uses of technology emphasize the idea that teachers can lend oneself technology to enhance pedagogical approaches towards the enhancement of student learning (Cognition and Technology Group at

Sustainability in manufacturing Literature review

Sustainability in manufacturing - Literature review ExampleSustainability refers to the power to endure. Sustainability measurement is a term used to de none the size of it as the quantitative source for the informed administration of sustainability. The metrics that atomic number 18 used for measurements in sustainability evolve as time goes by. These metrics include indicators, audits, benchmarks, franchise systems and sustainability standards. The sustainability measures that are widely used in the contemporary society include Triple Bottom Line Accounting and sustainability reporting. In this report, the discussion will chiefly touch on sustainability measures in the manufacturing process. In organisations that deal with manufacturing, implementation of sustainable manufacturing is applied because it is a strategy that has many benefits to the organisation at large. There are various reasons as to why sustainability has to be measured in the manufacturing process (Internation al Energy Agency, 2007, 154). These are some of the reasons why sustainability in manufacturing has to be measured. In set to have an effective measurement outline, there is a process that should be followed. These are the step that are required in undertaking the sustainability measurement process. The steps to e followed areDevelop Sustainability Policy. Identify major aspects.Establish objectives. Select metrics and indicators.This is a step where the company makes a selection of sustainability indicators. At this point, it is the bit challenging since the selection of indicators is not always easy.

Variations on the Modern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Variations on the Modern - Essay ExampleThe aim of this study is to discuss different versions of modern interior designerure movements in Italy and Scandinavia in order to show how modern architecture responded to the political and cultural subtexts. Modern architecture was flourished later in twain Italy and Scandinavia than Germany, Holland, France and Russia. William J. Curtis notes that Modernisms influence was slight in Scandinavia in the 1920s1 and it formed relatively late in Italy2. Further much, both Scandinavia and Italy brought their own interpretation to the international style. However, their similarities end here since their political, cultural and also ecological conditions were exceedingly different. While modern architecture emerged in Fascist Italy ruled by a dictator, democratic welfare states prevailed in Scandinavia at that time hence, there was a stark difference between the political climates of Italy and Scandinavia. Their cultures also differed whereas nat ionalistic tendencies and nostalgia for the Roman heritage were predominant in Italy, communal values were strong in Scandinavia. In line with their differences, they both developed a different variation of Modernism. While Italian Modernism highlighted nationalism and magnanimous Roman heritage Scandinavia adopted a modernism with a human face stressing organic and natural life. As a matter of fact, in Italy, modernism grew in two directions Noveconto and Italian freethinking. The continent Novecento movement, represented by Giovanni Muzio, paved the way for the development of Italian Rationalism represented by gruppo 73. Sebastian Larco, Guido, Frette, Carlo Enrico Raba, Adalberto, Luigi Figini, Gino Pollini and Guiseppe Terragni formed Gruppo 7 in 19264. Throughout the 1930s, both Novecento and Italian Rationalism coexisted as alternative variations of modernism. Although Novecento, originated in Milan, used modern technology of concrete construction, it was highly committed to the traditional Italian house. Gio Ponti, the famous architect and editor of the magazine of the Italian house Domus, described Italian house as setting for Italian life as follows the place that we have chosen for enjoying our life5. Pontis description highlights the stark difference between Novecento and Le Corbusiers international style, since Le Corbusier defined the house as a machine for lively in. While Pontis approach stressed the organic and humanist aspect of the house, Le Corbusiers definition was more mechanistic. Furthermore the Novecento houses were more decorative and furnished in Italian taste, while the international style was against any ornaments. Indeed, modern Milan houses incorporated common features of traditional Italian chimneys and sundials6. Although Italian Rationalism could be regarded as more radical than Novecento and closer to the spirit of machine civilization, it was still fully contextual as well, relating to historical Italian culture7. Besides Italian culture, Italian Rationalism was also intertwined with Fascist nationalism. It was not just Italian Rationalists were ardent fascists, but their work also reflected the Fascist ideology although The Italian Fascist Partys relation to Italian Rationalism was ambivalent. Giuseppe Terragnis Casa del Fascio could

American Dream Concept in Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Dream Concept in Literature - Essay ExampleThe ideals lay shattered, and values became irrelevant or became impotent, exposing the inconstancy of the American Dream. Thirty years later, Barbara Ehrenreich embarked on a similar journey of gather upy, but did it herself, actually living out the life of the working poor to discover how it actually felt. Her entertain, Nickel and Dimed published in 1971 is almost a piece of investigative reporting. For three months, she actually waited on tables, cleaned hotels, and homes, and worked at Wal-Mart in Florida, Maine, and Minnesota because they were the highest salaried un-skilled jobs she could find as a mother in her late 50s working for the first time, at mothers hours. Affordable housing was a myth that forced her to expire in cabins, trailer parks or weekly motels. The people behind Americas dressed up service economy had no place to go bum to at night. The degradation was appalling, with numerous drug tests and surprise purse searches. So-called personality tests were actually designed to reject assertive candidates who could be potential misfits in the organization. Organizing a union was ruled out when even talking to co-workers was a crime labeled time theft. Associates, not workers, waited on guests, not customers, endure on a bag of chips divided between lunch and dinner, or cold cuts out of a grocery bag in a motel room. companionable welfare agencies were of no help either, manned by compassionate but exhausted people who really had nothing material to offer. Later, in 2006, through her book Bait and Switch, she explores the world of the white-collared unemployed, with college degrees, marketable skills, and impressive resumes, but equally vulnerable to financial disaster.

Story About a Disabled Person Essay Example for Free

Story About a Disabled Person EssayWhat is a alter person? A disabled person is classified as any person who is unable to obtain for himself or herself, fully or partially, the normal requirements of an single(a) and /or is unable to participate fully in the community due to shortcomings either physically or mentally which may have occurred since birth or later in life. There are people who have overcome these shortcomings and achieved great success through self-reliance and diligence. One such person that comes to mentality is none other than my Uncle washstand. Uncle John is my mothers novelest brother. He was born on June 12, 1970, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Uncle John was not born deaf and blind. According to my grandmother, when Uncle John was 16 months old he came down with meningitis, which robbed him of both his sight and hearing. The sad thing just about this was that my grandparents were not aware about this and only realized my uncles disability when he was only two years old. By then the damage to the nerves in his eyes were too severe to be rectify and there was nothing that could be done for his ears. With great determination my grandmother passenger vehicleed my uncle at home in Mathematics, Language, Music and Art. My uncle was a fast learner and picked up well in all the subjects. But he showed tremendous improvement and excellence in Music.My grandmother decided to get him a music tutor although it took a toll on their livelihood as my grandfather was the only wage earner in the house and he had a family of tail fin young kids to feed and educate. My grandmother decided to sell cakes to make extra money. My uncle progressed so well that he had completed all the 8 levels of music in unspoilt 5 years. When he was 15 years old my uncle decided to lift the burden of my grandparents by teaching music to earn a living. He was such a patient and caring music teacher that parents were waiting at the doorstep to enrol their children in hi s music classes. He had been teaching for about five years when he decided to further his studies in music.At the age of 21 he asked for his parents blessings to allow him to pursue his ambition of being a concert pianist in America. My grandmother was reluctant to let him go as she was worried that he would not be able to cope on his own. By then all his older siblings including my mother had graduated and were doing well in their respective fields. They talked their parents into allowing my uncle to follow his dream. With a heavy heart my grandmother gave in and my uncle left(p) for America.While there, my uncle enrolled in the prestigious Julliard School of Music in New York City. Although he had saved enough money to see him through only the premier(prenominal) year of college, that did not deter him. He gave his most and his disability was not an obstacle. He excelled in all his classes and was well liked by both his peers and lecturers. He was voted into all the committees a s he was someone that could be depended on. At the end of the first year my uncle scored distinctions in all his subjects and was placed on the Deans list. He was given a full eruditeness to continue his studies for the next year. He excelled for the next three years and was given a full scholarship for the rest of his college studies.At the end of his four year study he was invited to take part in a concert for budding concert pianists. At the tender age of 24 he played in front of an audience of 7,000. The audience was awed by his skills. He appeared in the newspapers and everyone was talking about this young talent. After this he was invited on many premier shows such as The David Letterman Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show and even The Oprah Winfrey Show. He travelled all over the valet de chambre giving concerts. He became a world renowned concert pianist earning a lot of money.After being away for 10 whole years my Uncle decided to return to Malaysia. Throughout the ten years a way he never forgot the sacrifices his parents made for him. He set them up in a elegant house with a maid to look after them. He made trusted his parents and siblings were well taken care off. He also made sure that his parents travelled to all his concerts all over the world. Today he is happily married with two healthy children my cousins Deidre and Antoine. He will always be my uptake because he did not let his disability bring him down. He has taught me that one can excel in anything if one is determined.

The effect of reactant concentration Essay Example for Free

The effect of reactant parsimoniousness EssayThen pour the amount of money of Sodium Thiosulfate using a measuring cylinder to the cone-shaped flask, the amount will vary depending on the sample. 4. Rinse the measuring cylinder in water under the tap to low-cal it of excess sodium thiosulfate. 5. Pour the water from the measuring cylinder into the conical flask (already containing the Sodium Thiosulfate), the amount of water will vary depending on the sample. 6. score a hide on a blank piece of paper. 7. Place the conical flash containing the water and Sodium Thiosulfate mixture directly on give of the cross on the paper. 8. Collect 5 ml of Hydrochloric Acid using the clean measuring cylinder. 9. Keep the stop watch ready to time the chemical chemical reply time once the Hydrochloric Acid is added to the conical flask. 10. Transfer all of the 5 mL of Hydrochloric Acid into the conical flask and swirl the conical flask to grow the reaction and begin timing. 11. Stop timi ng and record the time taken, when you can no longer see the cross drawn on the paper. 12. Repeat travel 2-11 for each sample while changing the some of the variants. shiftings Independent VariableThe variable that changes in the investigation is the amount of Sodium Thiosulfate in the solution. Dependent Variable For this experiment the measured variable is the time taken for the reaction to conclude. This was measured in seconds. Controlled Variables o The amount of water in solution this was added to ensure that 50 mL of mixture was contained within the flask for each sample case. o Temperature o Amount of Hydrochloric acid 5 mL each time. Results We observed that when the HCL was added into the conical flask that a murky perception formed in the solution thus the clear solution turned unclear.This can be explained by the following chemical reaction taking place 2HCL (aq) + Na2S2O (aq) S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O The table below captures the results we obtained Table 1 Sample 2M HC L Amount of Na2S2O Amount of H2O Concentration of Na2S2O beat mL mL mL M Sec Graph 1 Graph 2 Discussion By collecting the results from the investigation we were able to enumerate to a conclusion on the affects of varying the amount of Na2S2O and water has on the reaction of a solution.Graph 1 and Table 1 above shows the amount of Na2S2O and the amount of water in each sample. This graph also shows the time taken for the reaction to finish, this being the time when we could no longer see the cross on the paper below the conical flask due to the solution becoming too murky in colour. It can be observed by looking at Graph 1 that, the lower the amount of Na2S2O that is set in the solution, the longer the time taken for the reaction to finish. This occurs because there is a reduced amount of Na2S2O concentration present in the mixture which can react with the HCL.This can also be seen in Graph 2 which shows the relationship surrounded by the amounts of Na2S2O concentration to the ti me required for the reaction to finish. Graph 1 also shows that the greater the amount of water present in the solution the longer it takes for the reaction to finish as the concentration of Na2S2O to HCL is further cut. Thus it can be concluded that our results support the hypothesis that more concentrated solutions react faster than diluted solutions do.The affect on the reaction rate when varying the amount of water and Na2S2O is that more concentrated the Na2S2O and HCL mixture is, the faster the reaction occurs, i.e. the less water that is present to dilute the mixture the faster the reaction occurs. Evaluation Overall the investigation was completed successfully and we achieved our aim of investigating how a change in the concentration of a reactant affects that rate of a chemical reaction. There are a number of factors that can be changed and controlled so that to improve the accuracy of the results. The following things do in the future will help to ensure that more reliab le data is obtainedUsing a rubber stopper in the conical flask when the HCL was transferred into the conical flask, gas escaped form the top of the flask. If in future tests, this gas was trapped inside the flask with the use of a stopper the reaction may have completed faster. Reducing human error Starting the timer at the alike(p) time in all the reactions would have helped to ontogenesis the accuracy of the results. The timer should have been started either once the full amount of HCL was transferred in the conical flask or should have started when the pouring started.Another variable which could have been controlled was the number of times the conical flask was swirled after the HCL was added. This would have further helped with the accuracy of the data if all the samples were swirled at the same speed and the same number of times. Using distilled water this would ensure that the water is pure There might have also been errors with reading the scales on the measuring cylinder as we were reading these to the best of our ability. To be certain that the exact amount of solution was added an electronic weighing scale could have been used.

Galapagos Island Case Essay Example for Free

Galapagos Island Case EssayIntroductionGeographical The geographical mapping of Galapagos Island is able to support both aquatic life and wandering life due to its adverse favorable climatic conditions. This is beca office this island lies in the Pacific Ocean about 999 km from the South American coast and straddling the Equator. Due to this knowing geographical condition, there is abundant biodiversity of both flora and fauna.Galapagos Island is one of 13 islands that is shortly inhabited, with a total population of 30,000 people. According to the latest survey, the Galapagos Marine hold back occupies roughly 139,000 squ ar kilometers. This large natural habitat can support huge mass of living creatures if protection measures atomic number 18 put in home plate to safe the endangered species. The island was recognized as world heritage site due to abundant living things that are not easily found elsewhere, unless only exist in this prestigious island.Galapagos Island Biod iversity This island is blessed with abundant biodiversity, which enables it to have its natural heritage. Galapagos has specific niche to many unique, indigenous carnals. Naturally, some of these animals are daring due to lack of natural enemies. This is a usual case for some of shipboard soldier life.The only enemy is man due to his agribusiness activities and his new technologies concerning marine scientific discipline, slant and tourism. For example, the giant tortoise has gradually evolved into several distinct forms on the diametrical islands of the archipelago. The reason being, these tortoise have no natural predators except man during the 17th and eighteenth centuries when buccaneers and pi crumbes used the islands as a staging post. This is the only time when these tortoises were being used as delicacies.The Galapagos Island has several species of reptiles. They include, the marine iguana, which is a herbivore that grazes on seaweed, land iguanas, lizards, geckos, lava and snakes. more or less of the innate terrestrial mammals include rats that prefer grassy areas or wheat and rice installation and two species of bat. Other common creatures are finches. There are several species of finches. Some are small brownish, soil homogeneous finches that are adapted to a range of different foods. These are known as Darwins finches.The name was coined after the father of evolution sir Charles Darwin because they have been important to scientists trying to study how evolution occurs this is because of different beak types. They include the tool-using woodpecker finch. Other endemicalal terrestrial birds include hawk, flycatcher, rail and other(a) species of mocking birds. All these birds have specific characters that feature in them and are the only birds found in Galapagos. Among the endemic aquatic birds are a flightless cormorant, two species of gull, and one penguin species that live in tropical weewees. Going on, Sea lions and fur seals occ ur along the coasts, spell dolphins, whales and sea turtles are also common. Other species of fish are found along the seashores. Several species of insects, cryoptera, spiders, mites, slugs, land snails, seashells, starfishes and urchins, crabs, and many other smaller invertebrates occur. Beside different kinds of animals, the island supports different types of fauna. The plants of Galapagos are equally fascinating and attractive. In the highlands, there occur many species of endemic Scalesia tree that is characterized by having daisies, as well as tree ferns, bromeliads and orchids. on the coasts are mangrove forest and huge prickly pear and candelabra cacti. The Brachycereus cacti are adapted to less fertile lava flows. The lava flow is a remnant of volcanic activities that erupted in the past .Note that Galapagos Island is a product of those volcanic activities. The shores can support many vivid morning glories and mats of bright red sesuvium. Galapagos also has its genuinely own, endemic species of cotton, tomato, pepper, guava and passionflower that are not exotic. Kinds of plants, especially those belonging to the daisy phylum, have gradually evolved on the different niche in this island into undivided arrays of endemic species. This again provides bio- conservationist with classic examples of adaptive speciation.Biodiversity threats. Currently, the Galapagos Islands are among the best nation parks with tropical archipelago in the world. Despite being rich in its pristine nature, it faces challenges and quenching threats to the only unique type of biodiversity in the island. Actually foreign species sneaked in by naughty ship workers, pirates and other evil-minded foreigners are some of merciful intrusions that adversely pose a major threat to native terrestrial biodiversity.Another factor is spilling of oils in the seawater and during mosquitos control. Several myriad of invasive plants and animals vectored in by mans day to days operations, inh abit the island adding more competition in the food chain. . Some of these foreign plants include food crops like quinine, guava and blackberry. In the operation process, harmful weeds and parasitic plants are introduced in new territories of this Island. Animals in this category of invasive species include both domesticated and wild, for example, goats, Netherlands pigs, Asian dogs, cats, rats and fire ants. Some of introduced species in Galapagos Island include rodents like the black rat, Norwegian rat and house hold mouse. These rodents are disastrous as they play on the native wildlife of the islands, including plants, seeds, birds eggs and chicks, reptiles eggs and young ones.This way the rodents threaten the fragile ecosystem of the islands and are responsible for extinctions on islands biodiversity worldwide. The rodents also pose a great risk to human health by spreading zoonotic infections.1 Beside that, rodents are agricultural and household pests. They are vectors to fle as, worms and other protozoan. It is known that some nematodes that affect rats can invade other small animals and plants through evolution. 2 Some species, such(prenominal) as the mangrove habitat birds like finch species such as C. heliobates, the Galapagos petrel and the flightless cormorant are endangered somehow due to reduced populations caused by fluctuating reproductive system. Much tourism during breeding seasons increases animal stress and disturbance. This interferes with reproductive systems. Other endemic birds in the island are the tree finches such as Certhidea olivacea and Camarhynchus psittacula. The Galapagos birds are already under threat from invasive rodents. The interference from both natural effects and human activities is a threat to Galapagos penguin and other aquatic bird species From a case study, it was observed that, 22 to 23.5 percent of the endemic plant species and 48.9 to 51 percent of the vertebrate species are considered endangered. Some of these problems have existed for more than a century due to negligence and ignorance by the government and other environmentalists. Global warming which is a feature of human adverse taint to the environment has endangered marine life. Snow and ice melting is a threat to some of marine creatures.Another threat to the biodiversity is that, Galapagos is undergoing an enormous cycle of economic and population growth that is accelerated by external markets and competition. External pressures are tended to(p) by increased threats to native biodiversity that drag be hide conservation efforts. Some of these threats as stated are the arrival of invasive species, over-harvesting of marine resources, for example, around more than 90 million sharks are killed a year, mainly for their fins.They are fetched from the sea purposely for their fins and not the flesh. This barbaric altitude can wipe sharks in the near future if pouching ordain not stop. When sharks become wiped, tourism fabrication wou ld be greatly affected making the economy of Galapagos to dwindle. Lastly, more frequent pollution events like agribusiness activities interfere with biota. Agricultural farming involves use of several chemicals that interfere with the marine life. This to the highest degreely occurs when these chemicals find their way into the sea either by drainage or through silting. Indirectly, enormous demand growths on the biodiversity of the islands are due to the international tourism industry and aquatic or marine resources. These are some of global factors driving business growth in Galapagos. This huge developments act as catalysts for the growth of the Galapagos human population.This has consequently, resulted to the necessitate for greater local admission to basic natural resources and public services to catch up with the increasing human population and competition this creates new social and political stresses in the islands. despicable distribution of resources and income from the protected areas discourages self-motive for conservation. Internal conflicts due to external market impact do not address conservation of biodiversity. Lack of awareness on vastness of conservation biological science in the Island, and non-instrumental professionals lead to failures to re-address the issue of endangering the species.Conservation methods and the needs to protect the biodiversity. After describing most of endangered species in this island, it is good to counselling on and advocate scientific Conservation methods of both flora and fauna. Preservation of the endangered species and the environment is a complex process that requires strong machinery force. Therefore, without government and non-government back-up, this interpret cannot succeed. Proper programs need to be inflexible up to outsource services and other strategic means, including funding to enhance successive conservation.In Galapagos Island, several foundations currently swear out to fund this project . Nevertheless, the funding is not enough to meet all the necessary measures. For example, the Galapagos Conservation project, Charles Darwin Foundation, The Galapagos Conservatory etc cannot meet these challenges without aid from donor funds. This is because to educate the whole nation about the importance of conservation, and other necessary measures is a big issue that requires donors aid.Actually, you should propose on external exhibitions on the needs to conserve the biodiversity, another suggestion is experienced experts need to be produced, proper fishing items that cannot fish on small or immature fishes are supposed(p) to be bought, some motor boats should be usable to control and survey fishing mechanism of both legitimate and illegitimate fishermen. Propose on preservative fringes and other necessary items bearing in mind that some items are expensive for the local people. The government should implement measures to curtail behaviors that can lead to eradication of enda ngered species. These measures should include controlling pouching, smuggling, pirating and illegal immigration. In this case, Patrolling water navy and vigilante groups should be brought up in order to mitigate fishing of sharks.The use of this system for monitoring fishing vessels would enhance trapping the vessels that carry out these highly destructive fishing practices and thus provide evidence to the port jurisprudence authorities so that the illegal fishing activities may be stopped. This process can only succeed with the help of local anglers of the islands and our long efforts to promote sustainable fishing practices, to limit the use of destructive fishing techniques. Boundaries need to be restricted and observed to avoid importation of foreign organisms. This should be a foundation to remove corrupt inhabitants off the islands. People should be educated through civic education that incorporates biological and social sciences to create awareness on conservation biology. F arming methods that protect the environment should be implemented e.g. restrict any use of harmful farming methods.Institution of higher learning should be set up to offer degree courses on conservation biology. This is because local young Ecuadorian conservationists do not have the necessary qualifications to move forward in their careers. Galapagos scientists need to be empowered with doctors of philosophy to rise to the positions of future responsibility. Surprisingly, the Charles Darwin Foundation comprises foreign scientists such as American or European as the most learned barons who cannot dedicate their service fully.The government through its own funding or by donors fund should focus on establishing environmental exhibition and communion activities. This is a valid proposal to create awareness and to inspire stewardship on Island farming and cultural behaviors that can enhance conservation. Some of the undertakings that the government should do is protecting the national p arks and resorts. Furthermore, conservationist and other well-wishers have supported by saving giant tortoise from extinction. They should focus on methods of interval counting of the endangered species and decline of their predators. The national Park Service and the Ecuadorian government are reforming a bit of clauses that safeguard wildlife. Restrictions are imposed against the residents of the islands in the form of pouching restrictions. This include, restrict fishing within certain miles of the shores and out of the swimming patterns of the endangered species in the islands.It is also illegal on the island to hunt any terrestrial animals and the offence is jail limit and revocation of the citizenship on the island. These are among the tough measures that ministry of wild life in conjunction with the environmentalist are imposing to conserve the endangered species. You should pressurize on review of important sections in the country constitution that safeguard the wild life. Some nuisance pests need to be eradicated for example, rats, parasitic weeds and plants, since some fish such as sharks suffer from animal stress due to tourism visitors.These areas have been classified as non-go zones, which mean that the number of motor boats and visitors in the water can be regulated. However, many areas have still to be restricted. People should be sensitized on zonotic infections caused by some of these foreign organisms. Funding to help identification of breeding zones for sharks and the monitoring of population increase in coastal areas are important areas of research that can aid in conservation.Breeding and squirt parameters, which are essential for shark conservation, are not yet understood. In case of preserving sharks that attract a lot of tourism, conservation funds would assist in monitoring and identifying sharks movements and breeding patterns. Eradication of animals and plants, which pose a threat to the existing of the eco system, is a noble idea that is facilitated by the National Park service. Conclusion. Conservation biology in the Galapagos is important because the work done by the Galapagos National Park to protect the biodiversity of the Galapagos Islands is unique. What to protect and the methods to be used depend on scientific association and government back up. This will include careful study, research and interpretation of existing data on wildlife. The funding requested will be need to help local residents to become a leader of their own future. Without the necessary research, awareness, funds and dedication provided by the Galapagos Conservation Trust, this valuable habitat and its unique wildlife will become a history. The fact is extinction would be due to human intrusion. This adversely leads to loss of biodiversity. The consequences are loss of marine life and disappearance of native terrestrial animals and plants. Many species of wildlife will be extinct, species that have been a pivotal point in the disco very of natural selection. The advancement of these studies that is so important to science will be lost.There are many species in Galapagos Islands that are not analyzed. The destruction of the sensitive ecosystem could destroy these species forever. Apparently, tourism sector would be greatly affected this Island biodiversity becomes extinct. Tourism is growing at an enormous rate of 4% per year and is expected to continue at this rate. The need for support functions in the industry continues to provide significant job opportunities for the local residents. Indirectly, the national economy would be greatly affected hence currency fluctuation and instability. To avoid this disastrous situation, conservation biology should be addressed from all perspective.ReferenceSharon L. Spray, Karen Leah (2003) Revelation of species Loss of Biodiversity Pg 34, Row man and Littlefield PublisherThe islands biodiversity, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.tiscali.co.ukThe Galapagos I slands, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.darwinfoundation.org/Galapagos biodiversity vision, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.worldwildlife.org/Unique biodiversity of the islands, retrieved on 31st August 2007, available at www.gct.orgGalapagos conservation, available at www.wam.umd.eduEnvironmental solutions, available at www.environment31 Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses File Format PDF/Adobe Acrobat View as HTMLThe rat flea, Xenop-. sylla cheopis, is the main vector of murine Not well characterized Molecular evidence of infection www.vetres.org/articles/vetres/pdf/2005/03/v4057.2 zole, levamisole) of helminths coupled with improved man- effect on nematode. Four dilutions of each plant extract (0.52.0 mg/mL) available at www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/acm.2006.123

Quality Assurance of Superficial Radiotherapy X-Ray Machine

Quality Assurance of Superficial radiation syndrome X-Ray MachineStudy the Quality Assurance of Superficial RadiotherapyX-ray Machine development some TechniquesAbstractThe aim of the present paper is to inquire some factors affecting on quality assurance of dilettanteish radiotherapy x-ray much(prenominal) as reproducibility of demigod fall out put, linearity, reference, entrance and some scrape up cancer pane of glasss were measured for hand, face and nose. Examinations of these factors are canvas use sodbuster dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization bedroom which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to rid of any air hatchway inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out utilise an operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA 0.10 min, 6 sec. The tolerance limit for the reproducibility is equal to 0.2% , which is lower than the tolerance limit as menti wizardd. in American Associ ation of physics in Medicine, AAPM . The relative misconduct for entrance skin dose equals 3%. The quality assurance tests of lilliputian radiotherapy x-ray implement are measured and compared with the international tolerance.Key delivery Quality Assurance, Farmer dosemaster. .0.6 cc ionization chamber IntroductionThe principle goal of quality assurance of superficial x-ray mechanism is obtained accurately and by the way assessment. The secondary goal is to maximize of radiation exposure and obtain high radiation quality. This can be assess by performance the x-ray machine by optimum operating parameters such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference , Entrance and go away dose measurements according to code sound of practice for use x-ray in medical diagnosis (NRL, 1994). 1.Many associations reported work concerning quality assurance of superficial x-ray machine ilk , AAPM, 2,3 that describes quality assurance communications protocol for superficial radiothe rapy x-ray equipment at the therapeutic technologist level. American Association of Medical Physicists in Medicine AAPM, 4 presents a new protocol, developed by the ray Therapy Committee Task Group 61, for reference dosimetry of low- and medium energy x rays for radiotherapy and radiobiology (40 kV(4) . Austerlitz C, et.al, 2008 mentioned that the beam outputs presented percentage differences ranging from -13 to +25%.5. Mehran Goharian et.al , 2010 mentioned that The measured output showed an increase of up to 7.3% relative to the neutral position (0 in-plane and 0 cross-plane) over the possible range of angles of in-plane rotation for 75 kVp (half- think of layer, HVL = 1.84 mm Al)6.Modern research indicated that the continued successful use of kilovoltage X-ray units for superficial therapy and their diametrical design compared with linear accelerators indicates that specific advice for this type of equipment is required. Useful guidance on quality control of kilo-voltage units is also given in Klevenhagen.et.al 7 and Williams.et.al 8. Paevans .et.al 9 mentioned that the applicator, system interlocks and dose monitor performance that used in check of Gulmay D3 three hundred kilovoltage X-ray therapy unit were competent and the tube leakage was below the UK recommended maximum (air kerma rate 300 mGy/ h at 5 cm from the tube head). The quality assurances of therapeutic x-ray are based on the Basic Safety Standard BSS10 and International Commission of Radiological Protection where they mentioned that there is no limit for medical exposure scarce they ensure that medical exposure have to decide by consultation between medical authorities and professional bodies.The aim of the present paper is to investigate some factors affecting on quality assurance of superficial radiotherapy x-ray such as reproducibility of dose out put, linearity, Reference, Entrance and Exit dose measurements.Material and MethodThe X-strahl superficial x-ray machine was investigated f or some factors of quality assurance such as reproducibility and linearity . Reproducibility is one component of the precision of a test and reported as a standard deviation. Reproducibility of dose out put of X-strahl machine was measured with Farmer Dose master connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber, which was placed on the couch inside the selected field and contacted with an applicator to avoid any air gap inside a field size and 10 exposures were made. The measurements were carried out using same operating condition such as 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. The reproducibility Pz was careful based on NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995).11.Where SD is the estimator of standard deviation of a series of measurements dose mGy, Zap is the means value of the measured dose mGy. commodious measurements were made to assess of changes in mAs on reproducibility and linearity of radiation output. It formed over a range of clinical settings. Calibrated ionization c hamber used to measure output expressed as Gy per mAs, at a set distance, without backscatter.LinearityThe linearity of superficial x-ray machine was studied using farmer dose master that connected with 0.6 cc ionization chamber above Perspex phantom.The linearity was checked using the next equation that stated by NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .11.X1-X2/X1+X2 0.1Where X1 and X2 are two successive readings.Applications of superficial x-ray machineMeasurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and roll were conducted using suitable applicator for each case. The applicator for hand discourse was 5 cm diam, 15 FSD , the applicator for face treatment was 3 cm diameter , 15 FSD and the applicator for nose treatment was 1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD.Results and Discussions ReproducibilityDose reproducibility for repeated doses of superficial x-ray machine was measured using farmer dosemaster connected with 0.6cc ionization chamber on the surface o f Perspex phantom as shown in table 1. In the present work the maximum value was 4.404 , the minimum value was 4.374 and mean doses and standard deviation of the measurements was 4.391 0.008 . The machine reproducibility was found to be 0.2% which is lower than the tolerance limit as mentioned. in NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .11.Table 1 the Dose reproducibility for superficial radiotherapy machine using an operating condition of 50kV, 90mAs, 15mA , 6 sec. For 0.6 cc Ionization chamber.Dose, cGy0.6 ccRun No.4.37414.38624.38834.39444.39454.38664.39074.39184.40494.401104.391 0.008Mean Standard disputeLinearity of X-ray MachineThe dose output was measured as a function in miliamper second. These measurements were recorded at 25 cm start to detector distance using special applicator of diameter 25 x 25 cm2 as shown in table.2. The linearity of the superficial x-ray machine was given a result lower than 0.1 that means it lower than the tolerance level of the American Association of physics in Medicine AAPM3 and NEWZELAND Radiation Laboratory, NRL protocol (J.L.Plotti , 1995) .11. Linearity was accepted that means the x-ray tube of a machine is calibrated. Table 2. Linearity of superficial X-ray MachineDose, , cGymAsTime, secSetting2330650 kV, 5 Ma306012451503072240489030060.Measurement the Surface Radiotherapy Dose for Hands, Face and NoseThe X-ray tube of the X-strahl machine was located in middle of the room ring by one meter from each side. The focus to skin distance, FSD for each applicator under use was adjusted for surface radiotherapy treatment such as hand, face and nose of tissue equivalent phantom. The Ionization chamber was adjusted for operating conditions of the X-ray machine as filter 1, 50kV, 5 mA, 0.2 min, and 0.2 mmAl for different applicators. The Surface dose for skin, nose and hand were recorded as shown in table 4. X-strahl -100 x-ray system low energy X-ray for treatment a wide range of superficial de rmatological condition including basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma and dermatological conditions including psoriasis. Orthovoltage units continue to be used today to treat superficial lesions in fact, they were practically the only machines treating skin lesions before the recent emergence of electron therapy. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the surface of patients thus, skin becomes the dose-limiting structure when treating patients at these energies. The depth at which the dose is 50% of the maximum is about 7 cm. Therefore the physician can be steer the treatment dose for superficial x-ray therapy for each case. Since the total dose is equal to dose rate times the time , so, the time of treatment can calculate easily .Table 4. Entrance patient dose measurements for face, nose and hand..ESD, (cGy)CaseApplicator dimensions56.68 0.307Face cancer3 cm diameter , 15 FSD241.2 2.15Nose cancer1.5 cm diameter, 15 FSD58.8 0.669Hand cancer5 cm diameter, 15 FSDConclusionThis work concluded that The machine reproducibility dose out put was found to be 0.2% so patient risk will decrease. Linearity was lower than 0.1 which is lower than the tolerance limit of the international publications. The maximum dose from any of these low-energy units is found on the surface of patients thus, skin.X-strahl machine treating skin lesions, hand, face and nose. The treatment time for hand, face, and nose cancer calculated via the surface patient dose measurement.