Financial Assignment of the Entrepreneurial World

Financial of the Entrepreneurial World - Assignment Example The major challenges faced by the cleaning businesses are; During the period of lower revenues, many contract cleaning companies are forced to redistribute resources, improve workforce performance and streamline back office functions such as human resources, accounting and IT this is in an attempt to heighten the efficiency and reduce costs. Amplified competition in the industry is forcing corporations to bargain contracts with very stiff margins. In addition, many customers are aimed at cutting down the costs of operation in their own occupation by altering the terms of their agreements and reducing the frequency of cleaning procedures. The poor economic conditions present has Limited the public spend. This means that their will only be a few opportunities for contract cleaning company growth in the long-term. The declined job opportunities in addition to the increasing costs of fuel and employees have resulted in UK companies cleaning industry making a loss. So as to face the challenges and persist in the market the cleaning businesses have integrated skill and abilities of employees to increase efficiency in the level of performance. The workers are equipped with; cleaning skills: these are applied skills required by a cleaner to undertake the role competently; for example, the capability to control machinery and equipment; mopping skills; and the ability to use chemical substances without harm. It will thus reduce operational cost. Multi-tasking skills: it is important that staff execute a range of varied tasks in order for the businesses to endure the competitive market and keep low costs. Multi-tasking allows the control to reduce the numbers of employees while still maintaining the level of output.

First World War Essay Example for Free

First World War Essay I have focussed my monologue on the character of Sheila Birling. Her role in the play was significant as it is coming from the point of view of a young, upper class woman. Her naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve views represent her role as an authoritative figure in society who has the ability to help Eva Smith, but her selfishness and her egotistic manner contradicts the main theme running through out the play of An Inspector Calls that one persons actions impact anothers and we all have a duty in helping people lower in the system. JB Priestley wrote the play in 1942 about a retrospective time just before the First World War. Sheilas main role in the play was that she was able and had the power to get Eva sacked because of her position in society, whereas Eva, who was of a lower class than Sheila, was not able to stand up for herself because she did not have enough power. Sheila abuses her superior position in society for petty reasons of that Eva is prettier than her.  I chose to write about her, as she is a very expendable character who has no firm reason or purpose in firing Eva Smith. When the inspector questions Sheila about the photo Sheila says You Knew it was me all the time, didnt you? By saying this Sheila opens herself up (explain) and seems to accept responsibility for her actions and is showing this to the inspector, rather than trying to cover the truth up with lies, or try to pass on the blame to others as some characters in the play do. Her character I think is important in the play, as I believe that Priestly was trying to demonstrate later on in the play that the youth could change. The setting of my monologue of Sheila alone and isolated symbolises her distance from what she was once in the play. The year now being 1916, four years down the line, she has turned her back on the aristocratic life and is trying to dissolve into an unprivileged life.  Her clothes are the colour of green and brown that shake off her previous character of wealth and affluence as to her new attempted classless status. Sheila has disconnected herself from the Birlings and perhaps is trying to punish herself by living the life that the Eva Smith once led. Sheilas job now includes working at homeless shelters and working for charities. Her language has become less energetic and fluent than it once was. I have however tried to include some of the phrases from the play it was a mean thing to do I tried to make use of punctuation and grammar to create her feelings and emotions. In the monologue I have use ellipsis to show pauses, when she might be thinking or reflecting on painful memories. Exclamation marks are used to get her point across that she is getting agitated and snappy To the audience, I was trying to convey the ideas of Sheila being a changed woman. That she has come to realise that status and power isnt everything. She can look past this now and look forward to a happy future with her new baby and Gerald, her husband.  I think the Play writers view on Sheila and all the characters from the play was that the younger generation can learn from their mistakes, and he directs strong criticism towards businessmen who are only interesting in making money and will never lean from their mistakes. Sheilas the second person to be questioned by the Inspector and her response to Evas death is the most caring and heartfelt. She is genuinely upset by the death of Eva. The play is set in 1912. The periods between 1910 and 1945 were a great period of social change. In 1912 was the year that the titanic set sail, the year that the Suffragette movement started campaigning for womens rights in society. The war being a main factor, affecting society greatly and it began the process of merging class boundaries. The upper class young men were sent to the front line as officers and where many of the great landed families of Edwardian Great Britain began to disappear. My overall intention with this monologue was to understand the significant character of the young, impressionable Sheila Birling and how she is central to the key themes in the play and how the Inspector plays the social conscience on all the characters minds.  By the close of the play, Sheila has come to realise that herself and her family have lied to each other, and also to the Inspector. She begins to see her whole life was a lie, the relationship she had with Gerald and lying to herself. She begins to see that she needs to start her life again with truth, starting with correcting her mistakes.

The Coca-Cola Value Chain Essay -- Value Chain for Coca-Cola

Introduction Coca Cola markets nearly 2,400 beverages products in over 200 geographic locations. As a result development of a superior value system is imperative to their operations. Throughout this paper we will analyze their value system by using Michael Porter's value chain analysis model. In an attempt to paint a current picture of the non-alcoholic beverage industry we will assess the market activity by using mergers, acquisitions and IPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S as our benchmarks to determine if the market is growing or contracting. Value Chain Analysis A value chain is a model used to disaggregate a firm into its strategically relevant value generating activities, in order to evaluate each activity's contribution to the firm's performance (Terms V 2006). Through the analysis of this model we can gain insight as to how a firm creates their competitive advantage and shareholder value. The value chain of the nonalcoholic beverage industry contains five main activities. These include inbound logistics (suppliers), operations, outbound logistics (buyers/ customers), marketing and sales, and service. Inbound Logistics (Suppliers) Some of Coca Colaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s most notable suppliers include Spherion, Jones Lang LaSalle, IBM, Ogilvy and Mather, IMI Cornelius, and Prudential. These companies provide Coca Cola with materials such as ingredients, packaging and machinery. In order to ensure that these materials are in satisfactory condition, Coca-cola has put certain standards in place which these suppliers must adhere to (The Supplier Guiding Principles). These include: compliance with laws and standards, laws and regulations, freedom of association and collective bargaining, forced and child labor, abuse of labor, discrimination, wages and b... ...com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CEEDC123AF932A25751C0A9629C8B63 Symbol Technologies, Inc. (2003) Coca Cola FEMSA To Roll Out Symbol Rugged Mobile Computers for Next-Generation R. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from, http://www.symbol.com/news/pressreleases/press_releases_coca-cola_femsa.html Symbol Technologies, Inc. (2006) Coca Cola HBC Improves Sales Productivity by 25 Percent with Symbol Solutions. Retrieved October 24, 2006 from, http://www.scansource.com/symbol/files/CocaCola_CS.pdf Reuters (2006) Beverages (Nonalcoholic): Milestones. Retrieved October 24, 2006 from, http://www.investor.reuters.com/business/KeyDevelopmentsBusInd.aspx?industry=BEVNON&topiccodes=207&target=%2fbusiness%2fbussecindustry%2fbussecindfake%2fbusindmajerdev Yahoo Finance (2006) IPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s By Industry. Retrieved October 25, 2006 from, http://biz.yahoo.com/ipo/indg_m.html

Difference Between Freud vs Erikson

In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. I will provide enough information about both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories that were in a number of ways different than Freud’s. Freud and Erickson have similarities and differences in the things that do or explore within their theories and the way they do things. Freud was the most well known person to be called The Father of Psychology. He is the one who had introduced his theory of psychoanalysis that gave psychology a new name for the future or the new era. Freud used psychoanalysis as the method to understand how our minds work, as well as the way they grow and develop throughout the stages of development. Psychoanalysis is the behavior, feelings or personality that we try to be understood in order to help with mental problems. Freud’s theory tries to explain the determination of the complex relationship within the body and mind that helps explain the unconscious and roles of emotions that need to be understood. So basically, Psychoanalysis is the part where it tries to explain the how, what, and why we behave towards ourselves and others. Erik Erikson, on the other hand, was famous for his theory of psychosocial development and to learn about the identity crisis back in that time. Erikson’s theories are one of the most used theories throughout the world, as of today. Erik Erikson had believed that his theory development had an impact on personality and that it grows in stages. That is why; Erikson came up with the Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development. His theory had described that lifespan was at an impact in an experience in socialism. Erikson was a man who learned from Freud and became a better person and made a living out of helping determine personality, behaviors and so much more. Freud’s Psychosexual Stage is of the human development that began in the early 19th century. He developed such a general theory for psychosexual development that starts from infancy and goes to adulthood. As for Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of Development which impact the human development in humans. Erikson takes the importance of placing the social and cultural components of a human’s development experiences. Each of these theorists had various stages that went from just being born to adulthood. And I will compare and contrast each one, as well. The first stage is birth to 1 years old and between Freud and Erikson it seems to be about the same, but different. For instance, Freud’s stage is of Oral in which the child has a primary source of pleasure that comes through their mouth from tasting, eating and/or sucking. As for Erikson’s stage is the trust vs. mistrust stage that has the child to learn to gain the trust or mistrust of their parent’s or caregivers. The second stage is 1 to 3 years old and in the Freud stage it is the anal stage. In the anal stage for Freud, the children get a sense of power to control and learn how to potty train themselves to become masters at a sense of growing up. In Erikson’s stage it is Autonomy vs. Doubt. Autonomy vs. Doubt contributes to children controlling their activities like going to the bathroom, eating, talking, and so much more. The third stage is from ages 3 to 6 years old and in Freud’s stage it is the phallic stage that brings the focus of energy on the genitals where children start to identify their sex of the same parent. In Erikson’s stage it is Initiative vs. Guilt stage that the child takes on more control of their environment atmosphere. The fourth stage is from ages 7 to 11 years old and in Freud’s case it is the latent stage. In the latent stage the child is focused on activities that have to do with school, hobbies or friends, instead of something important. In Erikson’s stage it is the Industry vs. Inferiority where the child or children develop a new sense of mastering new skills on their own. The fifth stage is from the adolescence stage. In the adolescence stage for Freud it is the genital stage that the children become explorative within their bodies, as well as in relationships. In Erikson’s stage it is the identity vs. Role confusion stage. In this stage the child onfirms to find their sense and identify their personal self. Within the sixth stage it has to do with adulthood and Freud had believed that this stage was to balance out throughout all areas of our lives. Erikson’s stage was intimacy vs. isolation where young adults would find their companionship, as well as their soul mates. Erikson also in this stage had Generativity vs. Stagnation that was toward middle aged adults who had the ability to nurture other middle aged adults and help within our society by giving back. The integrity vs. espair by Erikson was the stage that reflected on older adults in their 50’s and up to look back on their life and get the sense of their years of growing up in fulfillment and bitterness of the good and bad. In conclusion, I have compared and contrasted on two well-known theorists Freud and Erikson and also went through each stage of their developments they have created within psychology. They have taught a lot of people the way our personality, mind and behaviors work, as we grow into adults from infants. I know that I have learned a lot from them, as well and will inspire others to know the same information that I know today.

Crook’s is the only black character in the novel discuss his significance Essay

The author John Steinbeck is an artistic Writer. His greatest achievement of being an author was the compelling story Of Mice And Men. This is an immense story based on two American ranch workers dream to own a house in the 1930’s. The novel was set in Soledad in southern California. In several of his fiction works, including Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck illustrates how grueling, challenging, and often unrewarding the life of migrant farmers could be. Just as George and Lennie dream of a better life on their own farm, the Great Plains farmers dreamed of finding a better life in California. Steinbeck himself was born there in 1902, and went on to experience the Great Depression in the heart of the land that so many left their homes to find. This time in America’s history was marked by bread lines, soup kitchens, unemployment, and the daily hope for a low paying job that would last longer than a few days. Historically, this was a dream of many people in California during the Great Depression, most of whom never saw it come to pass. The story shows the harsh and cruel circumstances of the many who were so poor but balances the desperation with the hope and desire for triumph. The novel is about two inerrant workers, called Lennie and George. They work on a ranch with other workers. The main theme in this novel is â€Å"The Dream† Historically, this was what many people in California strived to achieve during these hard times; to one a piece of land, most of whom never saw it come to pass. The story shows the harsh and cruel circumstances of the many that were so poor but balances the desperation with the hope and desire for triumph. Discrimination can take many forms, from racial to physical to gender, Crooks is set apart because he is the only black man on the ranch moreover, he has a physical disability. In this novel Crooks possesses the majority of loneliness and injustice. Steinbeck’s perception of Crooks in the novel is very accurate during this period, he uses Crook’s to symbolise the marginalisation of the black community occurring at the time in which the novel is set additionally Crooks brings into perspective the loneliness experienced by all the characters. Steinbeck’s relates his knowledge to the novel and most substantially Crooks. Crook’s is the only black character on the ranch and is first established in Chapter 2. He is segregated from the rest of the men on the ranch. He has his own room in the barn, â€Å"†¦A little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn†. We can see how isolated he is in this room because he needs to surround himself with his own personal possessions; â€Å"For being alone, Crooks could leave his things about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is referred to as a â€Å"Nigger† by almost everybody on the ranch, â€Å"She turned on him in scorn. ‘Listen nigger’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Steinbeck’s use of language, such as the term â€Å"Nigger† started out as a dismissive term used by whites to describe blacks, and it didn’t even necessarily have racist connotations. But when the 19th century started ‘nigger’ was a term used by white people to express their anger and furthermore degrade blacks. Steinbeck used Curley’s Wife In this quote to indicate her own personal opinion on what she perceives Crooks to be, internally what white people on a whole thought blacks were. Not only did he use this quote to express her anger towards Crooks but also he used this quote to show how Crooks had a lack of importance. He was not recognized or called by his name, Crooks. He was not awarded dignity because he was looked upon as being inferior. Everyone on the ranch was called by his or her name except Crooks, which made him irrelevant to people on the ranch. The message conveyed by Steinbeck is therefore that Crooks was racially and socially differentiated from white people by this racial term â€Å"Nigger†. On the other hand The Old Swamper thinks positively about Crooks when he first tells George about him. â€Å"Yeah nice fella†¦Ya see the stable bunk is a nigger† Even though The Old Swamper referrers to Crooks as a nigger, which was properly because it was recognizably used to refer to him as, he looks behind their racial difference, and judges Crooks on his personality. The beginning of Chapter 4 is the setting for Crooks room where he lives in alone. He owns many possessions strangely more than other workers. â€Å"Crooks possessed several pairs of shoes, a pair of rubber boots, a big alarm clock†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His room reflects his character â€Å"†¦was swept and fairly neat, for Crooks was a proud, aloof man† This quote not only suggests that Crooks keeps his room clean but that he is a well-kept man. He is mostly in his room and wants his room to reflect himself as a person, who takes pride in his room. He also has â€Å"†¦A tattered dictionary†¦copy of the California civil code†¦a few dirty books† He has educational possessions in his room, which shows he is well educated and takes an interest in reading. He obviously knows his rights as a black man, because he reads the California civil code so knows what he is entitled to do. Crooks puts all of these things on a â€Å"special shelf† to show that they a re important to him. The condition of his skin suggest that he is aged â€Å"deep black wrinkles† There’s a contrast between his youthful eyes with the rest of his face. Having his own room meant he was detached from the ranch workers, which suggest he experiences racial segregation due to being black. This discrimination against black people in the 1930s was enforced by Steinbeck into Crooks to give an insight on prejudice. When Lennie enters Crook’s room out of curiosity, Crooks asserts his human rights stating, â€Å"This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me† This form of retaliation against Lennie is down to Crooks being isolated all the time. Crooks is clearly stating his right to privacy, it is safer for him to remain isolated. It is strange for him that Lennie is communicating with him; not being used to it, so when Lennie does enter his room, Crooks manages to hold his delight by pretending to be annoyed. â€Å"It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger.† He feels the need to protect his room because of his â€Å"protective dignity of a Negro† This quote reflects on all black people of this time, who were made to protect themselves because they lacked the social skills they needed to be able to communicate with others without feeling the need to protect themselves. He tries to hide is pleasure through irritation, but he realize s that he wants Lennie’s company. Not only because he is lonesome but because he knows Lennie is naive and lacks knowledge of life in general. The mode during Lennie’s visit to see Crooks was a very unwanted mode at first. Once Crooks realized Lennie wasn’t looking for any dissatisfaction, Crooks eased up a little. One quote which observes â€Å"†¦Lennie’s disarming smile defeated him. ‘Come in for a while†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He lets his defensive barrier down to Lennie â€Å"His tone was a little more friendly† Crooks can’t help but respond to Lennie; conversation is what he craves for. Crooks has got a indulgant heart, he just chooses to hide it through anger and displeasure considering that’s the only way he knows how to express his feelings. He would not naturally be distant towards people if he were not racially segregated from others. We therefore see that being around someone for once has brought out his true personality. Crook’s is envious of Lennie’s relationship with George. George takes care of Lennie and they have a companionship. Deep within him he wants the warmth of togetherness in his life, relising lennie has this creates a burning streak of jealousy inside him. He uses Lennie’s lack of knowledge to his advantage by taunting Lennie about George leaving him. â€Å"‘S’ pose George don’t come back no more† His misery and envy brings out his cruelty. He is trying to inflict his personal pain of being a lonely black man onto Lennie. Crooks then reveals his own need â€Å"Maybe you can see now. You got George†¦ ‘S’ pose you didn’t have nobody†¦I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick.† This illustrates that Crooks pities his own circumstances and vulnerability. â€Å"I didn’t mean to scare you† shows that Crooks did not deliberately picked on Lennie he just wanted him to know how it felt to be alone all the time. He expresses this through his bitterness. He realizes himself that bullying Lennie will not change his belonging in society he will still remain unimportant. Crooks’ loneliness is part of Steinbeck’s microcosm of the world. Multiply Crooks a million times, and Steinbeck is pointing out the barriers and artificial obstacles people and society build against each other. Whenever the American Dream is mentioned he dismisses it â€Å"Nobody never gets to heaven and nobody gets no land.† He lacks the optimism and hopes that George and Lennie share. This brings us to believe that Crooks has absolutely no hope in achieving this dream. He has lost faith in the dream; maybe being a black man has caused him to think there could be no realisation of him being happy in his life. He links going to heaven and owning your own land, suggesting going to heaven is equal to owning a land. This sparks reality that during this period of the great depression it was rare that people working on ranches could ever own a land. Lennie and George have determination and hope that one day they will own a land, even though deep down George knows it’s unrealistic. Crooks seems like he has given up a long time ago on the dream, mostly because his concealment from everyone else has infused this judgement into his mind. When Curly’s wife enters Crook’s room all the men dislike her presence, she knows full well that Curlys not in Crook’s room but just like Crook’s she is eager for attention. â€Å"Any you boys seen Curly† This is what makes Crook’s and Curlys wife so similar. Their life is full of shattered dreams, discrimination and loneliness. Crook’s tries to stand up to Curlys wife, but being a white woman means she has a controlled power of Crook’s being black. She belittles him saying â€Å"†¦you keep in your place then, Nigger I could get you strung up† He reverts back to the majestic, stubborn man he was in the beginning. She dehumanises him straight away. â€Å"Crook’s had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Crooks built up this ego and bravery to stand up to Curlys wife when he was for the first time given attention socially by Lennie and Candy entering his room. It may have be en a lot for him to take in, after being made to feel like he is not welcome because of his colour all the time. So when Curlys Wife insults them, this new ego and bravery gives crooks the idea that he can assert his rights to Curlys Wife. She soon puts him in his place, making him realise the substantial difference between them, racial wise. She knows how to use the unfairness of life to her advantage, which becomes disturbingly clear when she dangles the threat of crying rape in front of Crooks. She knows that as a black man he would be lynched if she told the others that he’d even tried to rape her, and she wields this power to her advantage. Ultimately, though, she is revealed as frightened of her husband as she sneaks off to her house. Curley’s wife has been trapped by life and however brazen and manipulative she may be, she is ultimately one of the comparatively powerless figures in the novel. She is therefore, perhaps, an object of the reader’s sympathy. The characters in the book begin to merge, by this happening we soon start to realize they are quite similar. â€Å"Crooks laughed again. ‘A guy can talk to you and be sure you won’t go blabbin†¦ George can tell you screwy things, and it don’t matter. It’s just the talking. It’s just bein’ with another guy.'† Crook’s thoughts in this quote reflect the ideas of all the outcasts in the novel. Just like George, Candy, and Curley’s Wife, Crooks longs for human companionship; he simply wants another person to acknowledge his existence. Likewise, George thinks that he and Lennie are different from all the other lonely migrant workers because they have each other. George’s actions mirror Crook’s words, George knows that Lennie isn’t listening to him most of the time, but he like Crooks simply wants someone to hear him. Similarly, Candy is willing to invest his life’s savings in strangers’ dreams so that he can spend the last years of his life with others. His one companion, his dog, is now gone. Finally, Curley’s wife is willing to risk the fury of her abusive husband just for human conversation. Her behavior with Lennie is exactly like Crook’s conversation with Lennie; she does not care that Lennie doesn’t understand her. In Chapter Four, the contrast between Crooks, Curly’s Wife, Candy and Lennie becomes marked. Firstly the three mentally or physically impaired â€Å"outcasts† of the farm – discuss their dream of living â€Å"of the fat of the land† one can sense a strong whiff of socialism. For a moment, they imagine a life of freedom from prejudice and racism, in which each man works for â€Å"just his keep† regardless of color or disability. Steinbeck cleverly brings the outcast into contact at the end of the chapter which subverts the idea of crooks being the only character who suffers from loneliness and shattered dreams. Crook’s race is the reason for his isolation, just as Candy’s age and handicap isolate him, and Curley’s wife’s gender forces her into a solitary life. Because of his race, he must live outside of human contact, he no longer trusts that dreams can come true. Steinbeck devotes all of Chapter 4 to Crooks to illustrate how completely isolated the stable hand truly is because of his race. All characters enter Crook’s room, on top of the social hierarchy, however they slowly start to correspond to Crooks. Lennie and Candy wanting to grab that much loved American dream, while Curly’s Wife is in need of company. Steinbeck uses Crooks to reveal the hidden desires of the other characters, Steinbeck show that although Crooks is considered the outcast of the book, he in no doubt brings them all as one; equal as the strive to achieve the same hopeless goal. Subsequently, Chapter 4 opens with Crook’s being a â€Å"proud and aloof man† to having racial superior over Lennie to finally having nothing. His dream of living with the other men is shattered by Curlys Wife putting him in his place. I think Steinbeck feels compassion for Crook’s being the only black character on the ranch. Even though he is bitter and cruel Steinbeck is aware he has been racially picked on which caused his behaviour. Even though Crooks is not made relevant throughout the book he holds a special significance in the book. He is a victim of an individual type of loneliness. Crook’s does not ask to be isolated from everyone. He was unfortunately caught up in the racial war. Therefore Crook’s is a vital character in Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck not only illustrates him as a representation of division of colour in this time period but also shows that through Crooks other outcasts in the book have been discovered to want and need the same things that people just like Crooks deserve. He has had a cruel life and been very badly treated, which had caused him to become so bitter. Steinbeck made him into this character to show how people like crooks must have felt in this period of racism. Being treated different from everyone else and not having the same rights as fellow human beings, this would have made them really frustrated. Steinbeck gave an insight on injustice by inventing Crooks. Which overall made him so significant.

American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime

American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime The US federal government considers cyber crime as one of the most critical threats to its security alongside terrorism (Cowley, 2012). In fact, the government considers cyber attacks a threat to the national security, which has prompted enactment of a number of laws.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1985, America has established several statutes with an aim of protecting the federal and state governments, organizations and the public from effects of internal and external cyber attacks (Cowley, 2012). Companies are required to comply with certain laws in order to ensure that their computer and communications systems do not provide cyber criminals with an easy target to execute their crimes. Although there is no single law that describes the specific way in which corporations should implement cyber security measures, a n umber of legislations seek to protect both the government and corporations from cyber crime. The purpose of this paper is to discuss legislations relevant to protecting corporations from cyber attacks, with a special reference to an organization dealing with management of equity fixed income property and allocation of asset funds. In October 2012, the American government issued a warning to organizations that the country might experience a possibility of what it calls ‘cyber-Pearl Harbor’ (Cowley, 2012). It warns that foreign computer hackers are likely to let loose chaos on America’s transportation system, information systems, power grid and financial networks. However, it considers a cyber havoc as the most probable and dangerous effect because most organizations do not have sophisticated measures to protect their intellectual property from cyber attacks. Case study: Legislations protect a hypothetical equity and assets firm from cyber crime The federal compute r Fraud and Abuse act 1984 is the first statute in the United States of America to protect intellectual property from theft and other forms of cyber crime. The statute was originally enacted with an aim of prosecuting hackers and those attempting to hack or attack computers and information systems in financial organizations or institutions of the federal government. Both organizations and the public sector have used this act to prosecute people who hack into their information systems. However, there are disagreements in courts over the use of the statute, which implies that the legislation is not effective for the financial institution in question to protect its intellectual property from cyber attacks (Cowley, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being a financial institution dealing with figures and facts as its main item of trade, the company under dis cussion is likely to apply the Economic Espionage Act to prosecute people who attempt to hack into its information system or pose a threat to its intellectual property. This statute states that any acts of theft, intentional receipt of trade secrets and authorized copying of information or data is a crime that punishable under the law. It aims at criminalizing theft of trade secret, which protects governments, agents and financial organizations (Fischer, 2012). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a statute in the United States of America that seeks to protect the government and organizations from cyber attack by prosecuting IP theft. The statute considers theft of computer and computer systems’ identity as a crime. It seeks to protect organizations from people who fraud them of their intellectual property by illegally stealing the identity of their computers, internet servicers and other parts of the information system. By enacting the Wiretap Act, the federal government of the US aims at protecting privacy in communications between people in and out of organizations. The act criminalizes and seeks to prosecute people and organizations that attempt to involve in certain acts such as intentional or purposeful disclosure, intercept or use the contents of any wire, electronic or oral communication use a device (Cowley, 2012). The term device includes such objects as the computer, the internet, telephone, radio and other items of electronic communication. In addition, the act provides civil and criminal penalties for people who violate these regulations. However, it has a number of exceptions to when the violations are legal. Electronic Communications Privacy Act considers all writings, images, data, sound, transfer signals and intelligence that are transmitted through wire, electromagnetic, radio, photooptical or phoelectronic means as a property that needs protection. The statute sets down a number of requirements for arrests and search warrants. Stor ed Communications Act is the second title of the statute that seeks to protect communications held or on transit in electronic devices and channels such as the internet and computers (Fischer, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Laws Protecting Companies from Cyber Crime specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 is a federal statute in the United States of America that seeks to protect companies and public institutions from unauthorized access of government or corporation electronic communications. In fact, this statute is an extension of the omnibus crime control and safe act of 1986 (Tunstall, 2011). With respect to the above statutes, the company is obliged to comply with reporting regulations after it suffers a cyber attack or breach of its data. For instance, the SEC is involved in developing and publishing detailed guidelines that institutions need to follow when reporting events of cyber crime or breach of data. They also need to use these guidelines when disclosing information related to these events in case the attacks are likely to cause some effect on the their data, clients, liquidity, losses, pand business operations (Cowley, 2012). According to the regulations, disclosures must have specific content and in plain English (Tunstall, 2011). However, cybercrime disclosures are alarmingly infrequent in the United States, but it is important that the company comply with these rules and regulations (Kayman Elbaum, 2012). The law requires the company to comply with these laws in order to guarantee the customers, the public and other organizations reasonable degree of security for their information. However, the size of the company, the industry to which it belongs and the type of business it conducts determine how the company will comply with the law. There are minimum legal requirements the company must fulfill in order to p rovide maximum security for the information that it values as its assets. For example, it is mandatory for the company to be registered as a private company, a public liability company or a corporate. Secondly, the company must provide information regarding its size, value and nature of data as well as the number of customers it deals with. Moreover, it is necessary for the company to ensure that customers are provided with an ability to access their data but provide security so that their data is protected from cyber criminals. Finally, it is necessary for the company to comply with the regulations on disclosure of information on cyber attack to the relevant authorities, the prosecution and the courts if the offenders are brought in court for an offense related to crimes against the company’s intellectual property (Tunstall, 2011). References Cowley, S. (2012). FBI Director: Cybercrime Will Eclipse Terrorism. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fischer, E. A. (2012). Federal laws relating to cybersecurity: discussion of proposed law revisions. Congressional research service. Web. Kayman, S., Elbaum, L. (2012). Ninth Circuit Fuels Employee Misappropriation Debate. New York Law Journal 2(3), 15-16. Tunstall, M. K. (2011). Reporting Cyber Attacks and Data Security Breaches Guidance from the SEC. New York: SEC.

Sarah Parker Remond, African American Abolitionist

Sarah Parker Remond, African American Abolitionist Known for: African American abolitionist, women’s rights advocate Dates: June 6, 1826 – December 13, 1894 About Sarah Parker Remond Sarah Parker Remond was born in 1826 in Salem, Massachusetts.   Her maternal grandfather, Cornelius Lenox, fought in the American Revolution. Sarah Remond’s mother, Nancy Lenox Remond, was a baker who married John Remond.   John was a Curaà §aon immigrant and hairdresser who became a citizen of the United States in 1811, and he became active in the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in the 1830s.   Nancy and John Remond had at least eight children. Family Activism Sarah Remond had six sisters. Her older brother, Charles Lenox Remond, became an antislavery lecturer, and influenced Nancy, Caroline and Sarah, among the sisters, to become active in anti-slavery work.   They belonged to the Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society, founded by black women including Sarah’s mother in 1832. The Society hosted prominent abolitionist speakers, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Williams. The Remond children attended public schools in Salem, and experienced discrimination because of their color.   Sarah was refused admission to Salem’s high school. The family moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where the daughters attended a private school for African American children. In 1841, the family returned to Salem. Sarah’s much-older brother Charles attended the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London with others including William Lloyd Garrison, and was among the American delegates who sat in the gallery to protest the refusal of the convention to seat women delegates including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.   Charles lectured in England and Ireland, and in 1842, when Sarah was sixteen, she lectured with her brother in Groton, Massachusetts. Sarahs Activism When Sarah attended a performance of the opera Don Pasquale at the Howard Athenaeum in Boston in 1853 with some friends, they refused to leave a section reserved for whites only.   A policeman came to eject her, and she fell down some stairs.   She then sued in a civil suit, winning five hundred dollars and an end to segregated seating at the hall. Sarah Remond met Charlotte Forten in 1854 when Charlotte’s family sent her to Salem where the schools had become integrated. In 1856, Sarah was thirty, and was appointed an agent touring New York to lecture on behalf of the American Anti-Slavery Society with Charles Remond, Abby Kelley and her husband Stephen Foster, Wendell Phillips, Aaron Powell, and Susan B. Anthony. Living in England In 1859 she was in Liverpool, England, lecturing in Scotland, England and Ireland for two years.   Her lectures were quite popular. She included in her lectures references to the sexual oppression of women who were enslaved, and how such behavior was in the economic interest of the enslavers. She visited William and Ellen Craft while in London. When she tried to get a visa from the American legate to visit France, he claimed that under the Dred Scott decision, she was not a citizen and thus he could not grant her a visa. The next year, she enrolled in college in London, continuing her lectures during school holidays. She remained in England during the American Civil War, participating in efforts to persuade the British not to support the Confederacy.   Great Britain was officially neutral, but many feared that their connection to the cotton trade would mean they’d support the Confederate insurrection. She supported the blockade that the United States put up to prevent goods reaching or leaving the rebelling states. She became active in the Ladies’ London Emancipation Society. At the end of the war, she raised funds in Great Britain to support the Freedman’s Aid Association in the United States. As the Civil War was ending, Great Britain faced a rebellion in Jamaica, and Remond wrote in opposition to British harsh measures to end the rebellion, and accused the British of acting like the United States. Return to the United States Remond returned to the United States, where she joined with the American Equal Rights Association to work for equal suffrage for women and African Americans. Europe and Her Later Life She returned to England in 1867, and from there traveled to Switzerland and then moved to Florence, Italy.   Not much is known of her life in Italy.   She married in 1877; her husband was Lorenzo Pintor, an Italian man, but the marriage apparently did not last long. She may have studied medicine. Frederick Douglass refers to a visit with the Remonds, probably including Sarah and two of her sisters, Caroline and Maritche, who also moved to Italy in 1885.   She died in Rome in 1894 and was buried there in the Protestant cemetery.

Conversation Topics for College Office Hours

Conversation Topics for College Office Hours Its no secret: college professors can be intimidating. After all, theyre super smart and in charge of your education- not to mention your grades. That being said, of course, college professors can also be really interesting, really engaging people. Your professors likely encourage you to come speak with them during office hours. And you may, in fact, have a question or two youd like to ask. If youd like a few additional topics to have on hand for your conversation, consider any of the following  things to talk to your professor about: Your Current Class If youre currently taking a class with a professor, you can easily talk about the class. What do you like about it? What do you find really interesting and engaging? What do the other students like about it? What recently happened in class that youd like more information on, that you found helpful, or that was just plain funny? An Upcoming Class If your professor is teaching a class next semester or next year that youre interested in, you can easily talk about it. You can ask about the reading load, what kinds of topics will be covered, what expectations the professor has for the class and for students taking the class, and even what the syllabus will look like. A Previous Class You Really Enjoyed Theres nothing wrong with talking to a professor about a previous class you took with him or her that you really enjoyed. You can talk about what specifically you found interesting and ask if your professor can suggest other classes or supplemental reading so that you can pursue your interests further. Graduate School Options If youre thinking about graduate school- even just a tiny bit- your professors can be great resources for you. They can talk to you about different programs of study, what youre interested in, what graduate schools would be a good match for your interests, and even what life as a graduate student is like. Employment Ideas It could be that you absolutely love botany but have no idea what you can do with a botany degree once you graduate. A professor can be a great person to talk to about your options (in addition to the career center, of course). Additionally, they may know of internships, job opportunities, or professional contacts that can help you along the way. Anything Covered in Class That You Loved If you recently went over a topic or theory in class that you absolutely loved, mention it to your professor! It will undoubtedly be rewarding for him or her to hear about, and you can find out more about a topic you didnt know youd love. Anything Youre Struggling With in Class Your professor can be a great- if not the best- resource for getting clarity or more information about something youre struggling with. Additionally, a one-on-one conversation with your professor can provide you with an opportunity to walk through an idea and ask questions in a way that you simply cannot do in a large lecture hall. Academic Difficulties If youre facing larger academic struggles, dont be too afraid to mention it to a professor you like. He or she might have some ideas to help you out, might be able to connect you with resources on campus (like tutors or an academic support center), or just might give you a great pep talk that helps your refocus and recharge. Personal Problems That Are Impacting Your Academics While professors arent counselors, its still important for you to let them know about any personal problems youre facing that might be having an effect on your academics. If someone in your family is very sick, for example, or if youre financially struggling because of an unexpected change in financial status, it might be helpful for your professor to know. Additionally, it can be wise to mention these kinds of situations to your professor when they first appear instead of when they become a problem. How Current Events Connect With the Course Material Many times, the material(s) covered in class are large theories and concepts that dont always seem like they connect to your day-to-day life. In reality, however, they often do. Feel free to talk with your professor about current events and how they might connect to what youre learning in class. A Letter of Recommendation If youre doing well in class and you think your professor likes and respects your work, consider  asking your professor for a letter of recommendation  if you need one. Letters of recommendation that have been written by professors can be especially helpful when youre applying for certain types of internships or even graduate school or research opportunities. Study Tips It can be all too easy to forget that professors were once undergraduate students, too. And just like you, they likely had to learn  how to study at the college level. If youre struggling with study skills, talk to your professor about what theyd recommend. This can be an especially helpful and important conversation to have before an important midterm or final, too. Resources on Campus That Can Help Academically Even if your professor wants to help you more, he or she might simply not have the time. Consider, then, asking your professor about other academic support resources that you can use, like a specific upper-class or graduate-level student whos a great tutor or a great TA who offers extra study sessions. Scholarship Opportunities Your professor undoubtedly receives regular mailings and emails about scholarship opportunities for students interested in certain academic fields. Consequently, checking in with your professors about any scholarship opportunities they know about might easily result in some helpful leads that you might otherwise not find out about. Jop Opportunities True, the career center and your own professional network can be your main sources of job leads. But professors can also be a great resource to tap into. Make an appointment with your professor to talk generally about your job hopes or options as well as what connections your professor might know about. You never know what former students they still keep in touch with, what organizations they volunteer with, or what other connections they may have to offer. Dont let your nervousness about talking with your professors disconnect you from what could be a great future job!

International Comparative Human Resourcing Report Essay

International Comparative Human Resourcing Report - Essay Example Although people involved in international businesses activities face many issues in the domestic business but due to different social political economic and legal environment, multinationals will need to develop different practices. One of the challenges is to select expatriates and their ability to manage with integrity. Companies have to monitor the social performance of its expatriate managers to ensure that as managers become familiar with the cultural aspects of the country. Here we will take up an organization which is truly of global nature to discuss various HR issues. Ingvar Kamprad opened his furniture retailer IKEA in 1950; it now employs around 70, no. people, operates in thirty countries and generates a turnover of 11 billion Euros. Since its inception in 1950's IKEA has had to deal with the problem of maintaining its unique 'Swedishness' as a competitive advantage and at the same time having to adopt this to the different national cultures in which it has been working. IKEA has over the last 25 years become a global player this is unusual in furniture industry, which is often remains national in character. It has established itself all over Europe including the south and East and in North America. Its biggest single markets are Germany, Sweden and France. It has recently taken over Habitat, its main rival in UK and France. It has adopted the culture and philosophy of consensus decision making. Human resource management practices have reflected the strong Swedish approach with a belief that people like to participate in decision making, like to be respected and take on responsibility. But the company is working in multinational brand its human resource management policies are bound to face some problems. National culture is one such area. A national culture involves a complete system of customs, habitat rules values and belief shared by an overwhelming majority of the countries in habitants. People from different cultures view aspects of life in co ntrasting ways. Cultures even view time differently; some emphasize punctuality while others reflect little sense of urgency. There is considerable literature in cross cultural management. Hofstede is one of the most known theorists in this field. Hofstede's 1981 study, cultures consequences of culture dimensions constructed cultural dimensions; so that culture could be measured along four scales i.e. power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity. Hofstede's after work (2001) includes a fifth dimension, long-term/short-term orientation. Trompenaars and Hampden-turner's (1997) model examine culture with three main domains: relationships and rules, attitudes to time and attitudes to environment. Apart from these theories we have to remember that cultures are not static and change overtime. As countries become more affluent their population becomes more individualistic (Triandis, 2004). International assignees have to learn to work in thre e different cultures- national organizational and professional and these cultures shift in over time. Different cultures hold different conceptions and assumptions about organizations and their management. Hofstede's dimensions of culture can be applied to business practices in different countries to gain some

Interactive and E-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Interactive and E-Marketing - Essay Example The researcher of this essay focuses on the creation of a proposal that is aimed to launch an online company selling high quality headphones delivering all around the world. The company needs to provide the product through the websites that is interactive. E-business, which is discussed in the essay, is a business which allows the customers to sell trade and barter over the Web. The researcher also duggests the company’s policy, operations, technology and ideology that defines it's business model. B2C is a company based in Dubai. The products that are sold by this firm include headphones, woofers and speakers. Despite the fact that the company has been operating well, the researcher suggests that the trends and changes in the market of B2C company has called for changes. The fundamentals to the proposals success is the development of Four issues that the researcher describe and aims to achieve: attracting 200000 customers per month, converting 2000 of the 200000 of monthly vis itors into paying customers, ensure high levels of satisfaction and loyalty and securing financial funding enough to endorse a celebrity advertising as it is aimed at young people. These key proposals mentioned are highly dependent on securing a substantial budget justifying the proposal in commercial terms. The researcher then presents the establishment of the marketing plan of the B2C company, creates models for it's website and provides the detailed analysis of problems that may occure and compares the strengths and weaknesses of the suggested plan. Site design brief The design of the website will be done using the latest technologies that will enable it to advertise the services that are involved. Site architecture The site is organized in a way that there is a common entry point which is the home page. This makes it easy for the clients to identify the location they are in immediately they visit the web site. The three branches thatare the web services, online marketing and complain are the major services that the company offers. From the home page, the client can easily navigate to these sites with ease. In any of the said pages, one can encounter problems or may need to pay for that particular service; the third level therefore allows this ability of the web site (Baker, 1990). KEY COMPETITORS There two companies that sells the same product online and are our key competitors. These are Drebeats and Dennheiser. BUSINESS MODEL (STRATEGY) The company will adopt various strategies/models so that they are competitive in the marke t. This section will look at the various models that can be used. A business model is a method that is adopted by a business in order to sustain its activities. This is a model that will enable a business to get revenue. The Internet commerce is the most complex business that is hard to know the way money/revenue is made. 1 Merchant model / e-tailor model The site will provide visitors with arrange of headphones. Such a model is underpinned by generating a high level of traffic to the site and a high level of conversions. The types of merchant model can be in form of e-tailer which is an independent entity operating online or click and mortar which present a replica of traditional brick and mortar storefront (ler, & Swanson, 2004). 2 advertising model Revenue will be generated by selling space on site pages. Such space will be in demand by advertiser based on the content of the page which will be relevant information and article’s for the target market http://insight.think-tr ain.com/?p=22 Informediary The information concerning customers and their way of consumption are gathered and analysed to formulate market target. The BCB business will enter into an agreement with firms that act as infomediaries so that the buyers of the headphones will be assisted by the firm to know more about the product. Such firms can be offering other services. For example emails or social site gives space where the business premises who want to advertise will put their advert banner. This ad network always gathers information about the customers that can be used by the sellers to maximize market strategy. Another strategy is incentive marketing where a system is put in place to track the customer loyalty and reward them for example giving them gift of point that can be redeemed after some time (Sullivan & Liu 2011). AFFILIATES The model filters the content of the web page and gives the customer information on specific task for example the buying

Perspectives of Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Perspectives of Terrorism - Essay Example Immediately following and as a reactionary response to September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the U.S., President George W. Bush stated the county’s intent to initiate a ‘War on Terrorism’ which he characterized as a prolonged battle against those that would employ terrorist actions along with the nations that enabled them. In addition, the U.S. Congress gave formal authorization to the President on September 18, 2001 to â€Å"use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons† (U.S. Code 2002). Following this proclamation, Bush made his infamous ‘dead or alive’ speech on October 10, 2001, and offered a list of Americaâ₠¬â„¢s 22 most-wanted terrorists.During his State of the Union Address on September 20, 2001, Bush presented his position to the American people and the assembled body of Congress. â€Å"Our war on terror begins with al-Qaida, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated†. On November 13, 2001, in the first such occasion since World War II, Bush signed into law an executive order that allows military tribunals to use any actions they deem necessary.... "Our war on terror begins with al-Qaida, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated" (White House, 2001). On November 13, 2001, in the first such occasion since World War II, Bush signed into law an executive order that allows military tribunals to use any actions they deem necessary. The U.S. military could now imprison for an indefinite period of time and without representation, any person of foreign nationality who are simply alleged to have associations with terrorist activities. For example, when the U.S. invaded Afghanistan, legal advisors tied closely to the ideology of the Bush administration within the Justice Department's Office advised Bush that the U.S. was not legally bound by the U.N. Charter or international laws with regard to rules of engaging a perceived enemy. These views were echoed by Alberto Gonzales, then White House legal advisor for the President and now Attorney General of the U .S. He also advised President Bush that he did not have to comply with the Geneva Conventions in the handling of prisoners, or 'detainees' in this war on terror (Calame, 2006). This opinion, shared by legal counsels to the President, applied to not only those directly affiliated with al Qa'ida but to the entire ruling party in Afghanistan, the Taliban, because, as they argued, Afghanistan was a 'failed state' (Mayer, 2005, p. 32). The Bush administration chose to follow the advice of this jaded, self serving legal opinion in spite of strong disagreement by the U.S. State Department which cautioned against disregarding U.N. and international laws as well as covenants of the

Core Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Core - Essay Example Additionally, Soraya’s stoning incidence depicts sexist behavior plotted by the husband with the intention of eliminating her to marry a young wife with support from Mulla (Malcolm 41). NAFTA’s role entailed industrializing Mexican region via reducing tariffs that acted as a barrier to effective trade and firms’ productions. Presently, NAFTA’s decade in South Mexico has attained their target despite numerous criticisms from diverse political icons against its establishment (Fernà ¡ndez-Kelly & Massey 100). NAFTA’s establishment helped in lessening the earlier immigration rates in US, which were due to the absence of employment in Mexico, hence boosting the economy in the southern region (Fernà ¡ndez-Kelly & Massey 112). The implementation of the law will aid in lessening immigration influx in the US, which has deprived Mexico both proficient and educated population (Fernà ¡ndez-Kelly & Massey 98). Therefore, the law will be of benefit to the Mexican regime, which will be able to boost its economy with the aid of talented human asset. The issue of race in our society is still evident; hence, there is no difference with Mexico. This is apparent from the recent concluded national elections, whereby approximately 72% of the whites did not vote for the incumbent president who emerged the winner due to Hispanics’ support. Consequently, this confirms people in our society classify each other as emanating from a certain race where during national matters people unite to support of their own. Fernà ¡ndez-Kelly, Patricia & Massey, Douglas S. "Borders For Whom? The Role Of NAFTA In Mexico-U.S. Migration." Annals Of The American Academy Of Political & Social Science 610.(2007): 98-118. Web. 20 Nov.

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tort Law - Essay Example Furthermore, the law of tort does not recognize any type of injury as a foundation of claim. For instance, tort law does not recognize an injury suffered during a football match. The reason behind this is lack of the legal duty on any individual player. Tort classifies duties into two general categories: The duties not to injure ‘full stop’-regarding the commission of activities that the law recognizes as hazardous; and the duties not to injure negligently, recklessly, or intentionally. Strict liability regulates the behaviors observed in the former instance of duties, while fault liability governs the conduct in the later form of duties (Elliot & Quinn 2007). A Brief From: To: Date: CASE 1 Facts Diane owns a garden centre in a rural area. She specializes in the growing and selling orchids, which need to be reared in a extremely warm climate. She constructed a number of greenhouses which are all heated with large storage tanks containing heating oil. Due to internal corr osion of the tanks, the oil escapes and contaminates some vegetables growing on a farm belonging to Juliana, her neighbor. The oil also escapes onto the public highway and Juliana, who is driving along the road at the time, skids and crashes her car. She suffers a cut and a broken arm. Issues 1- What are the elements of the rule in Ryland v Fletcher? Whether there is a possibility that she could sue under this rule or not 2- What type of damage is recoverable under this rule? 3- How is the liability for fire assessed? 4- What are the elements for private nuisance? Does she, as a neighbor, has a possibility of being successful in this course of action? 5- What damages are... The rule of Ryland against Fletcher concerns strict liability. It states that when a person occupying a piece of land uses something on it, which can lead to damage to its escape and keeps it permanently on land, will be responsible for any damage that may arise as a result of the escape. This rule usually includes rescuing many things, such as poisonous vegetation, electricity, couples and even harmful people. It is applicable in the following necessary conditions: first, there must be an exit from the defendant's land to a place outside his occupation. Secondly, the use of land should be normal, taking into account all the circumstances. It does not matter whether a person knows or does not know about the danger at the time when he brings dangerous things to his land and uses them. However, a person is not liable for damage if The damage results from the action of God, that is, actions that can not be prevented by any amount of human foresight or care; If the occurrence occurs as a result of the plaintiff's own fault; And in case of artificial work, supported both in favor of the plaintiff and the defendant. It is extremely important to note that Reyland sued Fletcher because of Fletcher's negligence; He himself was not careless, as he hired competent contractors to build a reservoir. He was not even aware of the mess from the contractors. It was contractors who were careless, not acting immediately, to prevent future losses that might arise as a result of the disorder they discovered.

Regulatory And Accreditation Body Paper Research

Regulatory And Accreditation Body - Research Paper Example Although there are several reasons why these organizations were created, the core impetus which inspired it is the assurance of public health and safety. Though the end point boils down to a common goal, the regulatory and accrediting bodies differ in their function and scope. The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education--an accrediting body, and the National Council for States Boards of Nursing--a regulatory body, will be examined through their functions and scope in their paper. Regulatory Body According to Harvey (2004a), a regulatory body in higher education is â€Å"an external organization that has been empowered by legislation† to take hold of the educational processes through restrictions and rules designed by the organization to maintain a specified standard. The importance of a regulatory body is nondiscriminatory when what is at risk is the common good. Habgood and Welter (2000) expressed the role of regulatory body through the regulations they make as â€Å"[ass urance of] public protection by administering enactment of the passed law.† In this note, one may say that legislations influence the regulations of the regulatory bodies in such a way that the public is given the most benefits. In the context of nursing education, where public health is the main concern, it is essential to be very selective of the persons of whom a license would be entrusted. This goes to the assessment of what kind of training a nursing graduate has and how equipped and worthy is he/she to become a â€Å"registered nurse.† Of the different nursing regulatory bodies, it is the National Council for States Boards of Nursing to perform this task. National Council for States Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) Purpose. The NCSBN was founded in 1978 as a non-profit organization conceptualized by the American Nurses Association (ANA) Council on State Boards of Nursing. The creation of NCSBN comes from the realization that in order to fully concentrate on the safety of the public and assurance of a quality workforce of nurses, â€Å"the regulation of nurses needed to be a separate entity from the organization representing professional nurses† (NCSBN, n.d.b). If such professionals would not be regulated, then public health and public safety would be jeopardized; an instance which NCSBN prevents. To materialize their goals, NCSBN formulated the Guiding Principles of Nursing Regulations which include: protection for the public, competence of all practitioners regulated by the board of nursing, due process and ethical decision making, shared accountability, strategic collaboration, evidenced-based regulation; response to the marketplace and healthcare environment; and globalization of nursing. Through their guiding principles, the NCSBN is able to regulate all aspects of nursing practice; from the selection of the human resource to establishing an above average competence which can compete globally. Ethical standards are also given emphasis to the benefit of both practitioners and clients, so that a balance decision-making, in case of alleged malpractice and such circumstances is assured. Scope. NCSBN’s primary roles are to provide rules, administer licensure examinations and regulate professional nursing practice. Since the NCSBN is state-based, rules may vary depending on the qualifications of the state (NCSBN, n.d.a); such as in each regulatory agency, â€Å"the regulatory authority may vary according to the purpose of approval and the particular jurisdiction† (Bible et al. 2010). Licensure is the main task of the NCSBN;

Tort Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tort Law - Essay Example Furthermore, the law of tort does not recognize any type of injury as a foundation of claim. For instance, tort law does not recognize an injury suffered during a football match. The reason behind this is lack of the legal duty on any individual player. Tort classifies duties into two general categories: The duties not to injure ‘full stop’-regarding the commission of activities that the law recognizes as hazardous; and the duties not to injure negligently, recklessly, or intentionally. Strict liability regulates the behaviors observed in the former instance of duties, while fault liability governs the conduct in the later form of duties (Elliot & Quinn 2007). A Brief From: To: Date: CASE 1 Facts Diane owns a garden centre in a rural area. She specializes in the growing and selling orchids, which need to be reared in a extremely warm climate. She constructed a number of greenhouses which are all heated with large storage tanks containing heating oil. Due to internal corr osion of the tanks, the oil escapes and contaminates some vegetables growing on a farm belonging to Juliana, her neighbor. The oil also escapes onto the public highway and Juliana, who is driving along the road at the time, skids and crashes her car. She suffers a cut and a broken arm. Issues 1- What are the elements of the rule in Ryland v Fletcher? Whether there is a possibility that she could sue under this rule or not 2- What type of damage is recoverable under this rule? 3- How is the liability for fire assessed? 4- What are the elements for private nuisance? Does she, as a neighbor, has a possibility of being successful in this course of action? 5- What damages are... The rule of Ryland against Fletcher concerns strict liability. It states that when a person occupying a piece of land uses something on it, which can lead to damage to its escape and keeps it permanently on land, will be responsible for any damage that may arise as a result of the escape. This rule usually includes rescuing many things, such as poisonous vegetation, electricity, couples and even harmful people. It is applicable in the following necessary conditions: first, there must be an exit from the defendant's land to a place outside his occupation. Secondly, the use of land should be normal, taking into account all the circumstances. It does not matter whether a person knows or does not know about the danger at the time when he brings dangerous things to his land and uses them. However, a person is not liable for damage if The damage results from the action of God, that is, actions that can not be prevented by any amount of human foresight or care; If the occurrence occurs as a result of the plaintiff's own fault; And in case of artificial work, supported both in favor of the plaintiff and the defendant. It is extremely important to note that Reyland sued Fletcher because of Fletcher's negligence; He himself was not careless, as he hired competent contractors to build a reservoir. He was not even aware of the mess from the contractors. It was contractors who were careless, not acting immediately, to prevent future losses that might arise as a result of the disorder they discovered.

Review of Great Leaps OR Free Rice.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review of Great Leaps OR Free Rice.com - Essay Example The site has been proven worthy by education experts because it expands education and life opportunities. The site also contains a progress charts that is very useful in tracking the performance of the learners and the instructor/teacher. The progress chart can be used for evaluation and acts as a means of motivating the learners and the teacher especially on the learning progress. Great leaps also contain sample stories. I was much more interested in the high school section. I managed to come across John Wilcox story. The story was about Wilcox who was a celebrity in his school. Despite being so famous, he lost his life to alcohol. The site provides educative and informative story depending on age. This story particularly warns teenagers on the effect of alcohol and peer influence. Most of the young people at this age are facing adolescent stage and therefore needs proper guidance and counseling which is not just a role that should be done by the teachers and the parents. Great leap s takes this opportunity to educate its users in all spheres of the life and not just books. Finally, I enjoyed the site so much and it is so interactive and informative. I would therefore recommend the use of this website as teaching and learning resource. However, the website is so expensive. I checked out some of the papers and informative materials and found out that they cost so much. This is the only disadvantage of the

Time Management Is Very Important for Academic Achivement Essay Example for Free

Time Management Is Very Important for Academic Achivement Essay A child is a human between the stages of birth and puberty. [1] Some biological definitions of a child include the fetus, as being an unborn child. The legal definition of child generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority. A Child may also describe a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age) or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in a child of nature or a child of the Sixties. Abuse is the improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Abuse can come in many forms, such as: physical or verbal maltreatment, injury, sexual assault, violation, rape, unjust practices; wrongful practice or custom; offense; crime, or otherwise verbal aggression The bottom line regarding child abuse is that its occurrence crosses all gender, race, societal and economic lines. The Administration of Children and Families estimate 3,503,000 children received an investigation by CPS agencies in 2004 as follows: 62. percent of victims experienced neglect, 17. 5 percent were physically abused, 9. 7 percent were sexually abused, 7. 0 percent were psychologically maltreated, and 2. 1 percent were medically neglected. Who is at highest risk of becoming a child abuse victim? What factors should be considered when assessing child abuse risk factors? Adults who experienced abuse as children. When assessing child abuse risk factors, statics show that some adults who were abused as children repeat that same behavior with their own children. Victims of child abuse are often unable to develop healthy ways of disciplining their children, so repeat the behaviors they learned themselves as children. Adults involved in an abusive relationship with an intimate partner. Another dynamic to consider when assessing child abuse risk factors is a parent/caregiver who is involved in an abusive relationship themselves. The child abuse may occur either out of frustration and shame over the abuse the adult experiences, or because of a minimized ability to function in a healthy and appropriate relationship with their children. Child with disabilities or mental retardation. A child with extraordinary needs may increase the burden of care on the caregiver, potentially leading to higher stress levels. Further, a parents or caregivers lack of understanding the childs needs and development may lead to abuse by the parent or caregiver who perceives the childs behavior inappropriately or inaccurately. Family disorganization, dissolution. When assessing child abuse risk factors, children in families on the brink of dissolving, or have already dissolved are at a high risk for abuse due to increased stress level in the relationships. Sometimes one parent abuses the child as an unconscious way to hurt the other parent or one of the parents blame the child for contributing to the dissolution or disorganization of the family. Poverty, unemployment, stress, distress. Poverty is not a cause of child abuse. When assessing child abuse risk factors, though, poverty, unemployment and other socioeconomic disadvantages of the family place a child at high risk for becoming a victim of child abuse. The stress, sense of hopelessness, potential loss of possessions and livelihood can increase stress to a boiling point, with adults lashing out at those who are most vulnerable. Depression and other mental health conditions. Mental illness can cause adults to respond and react in violent or at least unhealthy ways. Relationships with children and others in the life of a depressed or mentally ill individual can be strained and misunderstood, sometimes leading to abuse.. Negative interactions and/or poor child-parent relationships. This type of dynamic creates a vicious cycle of mutual anger and frustration. When a parent and child have a difficult or challenging relationship, the parent may lash out in anger and frustration by abusing the child. Medical practitioners, teachers, child care providers and others in a position of responsibility for children are required by law to report suspected child abuse. Reporters may remain anonymous to the suspected abuser and investigators will thoroughly investigate the allegation. The burden of responsibility for proving abuse is on the investigator, not the reporter.

Impact of Identity Theft in E-Commerce

Impact of Identity Theft in E-Commerce ABSTRACT In the world of today, where time is money and information is a corporate asset, protection of data confidentiality and integrity has become critical. Today, companies are focusing much more on how to secure their businesses from identity fraud, which has emerged as the modern day menace. As I found research on identity theft is rather limited. This research will provide more knowledge of the subject. The aim of this research therefore was to find and assess the impact and the level of identity theft in e-commerce. This was achieved by using analytic induction from the existing research literature and analysis of feed back from the various business executives, industry specialists and company clients through a questionnaire. After introducing identity theft and its impact on the corporate sector in detail, in the first two chapters with the data protection laws; it discusses their merits, demerits, controls and loopholes, the third chapter of this study delves into the methods and techniques used to prevent identity theft, it discusses in detail their efficacy, efficiency, implications and limitations while the last chapter is a case study of an organization where , existing data has been collected from various sources and has been critically analyzed and reviewed. A quantitative method approach has been employed in carrying out this research, besides carrying out a case study of an organization Moreover, aim to decrease the risk and effects of identity theft in e-commerce possible best practice techniques were identified through this research which was achieved through a study of existing literature which results the formation of a policy document. This policy document was also evaluated by industry experts. INTRODUCTION Like Mcleod and Scheel (2001) says, â€Å"e-business creates higher customer satisfaction, by providing quicker service, less effort to buy a product or service, and less business cost compared to a business run without the use of information technology (IT)†. Internet is also called worldwide network of computers. It provides excellent opportunities for an organization to do their business online. To get more customers and to increase the publics awareness of the business, it is very important to represent themselves on the Internet and their products, resulting in increased sales volume and higher profits. Security implications hold back the business. Nowadays, Credit card companies, banks and software companies work together to produce a broad standard to do safe online business. Whereas on the other hand System Hackers are trying to get as much information as possible, which they can easily sell in the black market. Some of the staff in companies also busy in selling their customers details in the same black market. Specific guidelines should be followed by companies to develop a safe and successful appearance in the online business. Some critics like Professor Richard Walton CB, (2005) however quarrel, The rise of the Internet and other modern technologies has brought about a fundamental change in commercial life. He further says that thieves have been stealing wallets and credit cards for a long time, but the growth of online buying and on-line banking has made Identify Theft the fastest growing white-collar crime in the U.K. and America, Its a big problem, and it can happen to anyone. On the other hand, some people are disagreed that the major cause of Identity theft is internet. As per Thomas C. Greene (2005) he said, that The vast majority of incidents can be traced to (what he calls) skimming, or dumpster diving, he goes further to say that plain stupidity among those who own our personal data are also contributive. Only a small fraction of such incidences result from on line transactions. I found majority of research is on the topic of identity theft, which usually consists of some variations in the phrase identity theft is the fastest growing crime in the United kingdom or it begins with a quaint anecdote about the tens of thousands of identity theft victims that emerge each year. According to a report published in the American angle, Anne P.Minz (2002) which says that the consumer sentinel network of agencies gathering data on e-commerce fraud, reports that in 2001 alone, there were 204,000 complaints, compared to 138,900 reported in 2000. It is noticeable that 47% increase demonstrates the growing nature of the problem. Figures such as the ones noted above are apparently disconcerting, in other to glean possible remedies which in turn demands for additional research on this issue. There are so many occasioning of identity theft and different ways this may be consummate. The overheads and wounded are considerable to financial institutions as well as individuals, but the overheads are often difficult to reveal or enumerate, mainly for individual punter sufferers. If an individual is auspicious enough to avoid financial responsibility for the theft, in so many ways they still endure losses in different ways, which may not be substantial; most of the time the affecting damage is very heavy that some sufferers commend suicide while so many others hunt for therapeutic or psychiatric assistance. In an attempt to recover from the theft or loss, sufferer may end up costs more money and time. These two must not be perplexed as theft resembles fraud in that and both engagedin some form of unlawful takings, but fraud requires an extra component of false pretenses formed to persuade a sufferer to turn over wealth, property or other services. Theft, by difference, needs only the illegal captivating of anothers possessions withthe aim to enduringly divest the other of the possessions. Harsh punishment is for fraud because of more planning is involved in that than does the theft. However, for the use of this study we are going to focus on identity theft in e-commerce in accessing the effect on online business in UK. Definition of Identity Definition of Theft â€Å"Theft† can be defined as per English Law act 1968 section (1). Subsection (1), that a person is guilty of theft if he is deceitfully appropriates property belongs to another with the purpose of enduringly miserly the additional of it; and that steal and theft shall be construed consequently. It is irrelevant whether the appropriation is made with a view to expand, or is made for the thiefs own benefit. As per encyclopedia dictionary 2007, Sometimes theft is used synonymously with larceny as a term; however, we can say that, it is actually a broader term, encircling many forms of dishonestly taking of property, including cheating, double-crossing and false pretenses. Some states categorize all these offenses under a single statutory crime of theft. Property belonging to another is taken without that persons consent will be assumed as theft, where Theft could be regarded as criminal act. Sense of Identity Theft In the Identity theft and assumption prevention Act of 1998 the term identity theft was first codified, where the act makes it as a federal crime when someone deliberately uses or transfers, without legal permission, a means of identification of another person with the aim to commit, or to aid or support, any unlawful activity that constitutes a breach of federal law, or that constitutes a offense under any applicable state or local law. In addition, the act defines it as a means of identification as any name or number that may be used, alone, or in combination with any other information, to identify a specific person. Identifying information is noted to be, surrounded by other things, passport number, a name, date of birth, drivers license or national insurance number (NI), access device or telecommunication identifying information. Identity theft may be broadly defined as the unlawful acquirement or the use of any aspect of an individuals personal information for committing some form of criminal activity (Hoar, 2001; LoPucki, 201; Slosarik 2002). This definition is proposed to cover any type of crime that falsely uses a victims name, home address, bank account, credit / debit card number, national insurance number, date of birth, etc. (Federal trade commission, 2004) Formal Definition of Identity Theft Although the act of simply embezzlement ones private information is an offense, the key factor to be notable here is that this information is then used to declare to be someone else. In other words we can say when someone else uses your identity as his own with the ultimate ambition for fiscal, material, and monetary gain. The Internet, the evolution of e-commerce, online shopping, and wireless capability, the explanation of identity theft can be further extended to comprise such things as the hacking into the customer databases of large organizations; stealing of usernames and passwords; the theft and hacking of network login sessions; and onwards. The development of e-commerce and particularly Wireless has compounded the problem of identity theft. Basically, it can happen worst yet to anyone, anywhere and at anytime, at variable edges in the way that information can easily be stolen. For example, Identity theft can occur by an individual simply rummaging through the trash cans at the local dumpster (the technically it is well-known as â€Å"Dumpster Diving†, and will be discussed later). Identity theft can also happen at your workplace, particularly if you do most of your work through telecommuting over a wireless link. Suppose yourself sitting in a cafà © at the train station, and while you are waiting for your train. Your laptop computer is connected to the â€Å"Hot Spot† or wireless link at the cafà ©, and you access your confidential customer data as well as an important work e-mail, but how do you know if the wireless link is for authentic? For example, there could be someone sitting next to you, and this person could have set up a fake wireless access point, and you unintentionally logged into that, thinking that you have really linked to a legitimate, safe and encrypted wireless link. Now, you can see that, this person has all the right to use your customer information, usernames and passwords as a result of that fake link, or â€Å"rogue† Wireless access link, And then you are completely unaware to all of this (this situation is well-known as â€Å"The Evil Twins†). Nowadays, you can see every where there is always a case of theft of identity going on almost every day. First, it was simply stealing a Bank Account Number or 16 digits credit card numbers, but now this crime is going on a large scale, where it affects millions of people all at once. Some peoples working in companies where they are steeling and selling customers full details under the table. As according to the BBC world report (March-2008) on local TV news, that HSBC Bank lost one data disk (compact disk) of their customer details. As we move more towards a wireless and mobile world, people who launch identity theft attacks are becoming much more stylish in the manner in which these attacks are launched. We are also seeing a trend today where large corporations are becoming very complacent in protecting their customer databases from these attacks. There are also trends going on where small, Wireless devices with huge capacity are being used in identity theft crime, and private information is even sold during auctioning processes over the internet. Definition of the term â€Å"Electronic Commerce†: â€Å"Electronic Commerce refers generally to all forms of commercial transactions involving both organizations and individuals, that are based upon the electronic processing and transmission of data, including text, sound and visual images† (OECD, 1997), â€Å"Electronic commerce is about doing business electronically. It is based on the electronic processing and transmission of data, including text, sound and video. It encompasses many diverse activities including electronic trading of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic fund transfers, electronic share trading, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative design and engineering, online products (e.g. consumer goods, specialized medical equipment) and services (e.g. information services, financial and legal services); traditional activities (e.g. healthcare, education) and new activities (e.g. virtual malls).† (EC document, 1997) â€Å"Electronic commerce is the carrying out of business activities that lead to an exchange of value across telecommunication networks† (EITO, 1997) â€Å"E-commerce involves business transactions conducted through computer networks. The e-business literature deals with the technical facilities needed to run a business smoothly.†(Laudon and Laudon, 2000) â€Å"E-business creates higher customer satisfaction, by providing quicker service, less effort to buy a product or service, and less business cost compared to a business run without the use of information technology (IT)† (McLeod and Schell, 2001). Both of these approaches to e-business point to changes in the entire vision of a classical understanding of business. Service industrys challenges Companies are using electronic funds transfer (EFT) for their customers as the fast and secure way of transactions, at present; there are two most excellent ways to handle money online: personal checks and credit cards, there are other fast and secure methods to exchange funds online. Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is another name for online money exchange. Here, the exchange of digital money is involved between buyers and sellers. In the front customer authorization is made over the Internet where Banks handles the transactions behind. To ensure higher level of security specialized authentication systems should be adopted. IDs and passwords are one of the most fashionable methods of data security are in use to access a server or Internet site, but these are often poor. To address this problem, Axent Technologies has developed hardware and software solution called Defender that creates unique, one-time passwords that cannot be guessed, shared, or cracked (Venetis, 1999). â€Å"The system incorporates software on the users computer that communicates with the Defender Security Server on the other end. When the user connects with the server, a software token is activated that automatically establishes a dialogue with the server. A new password is generated during each session, removing any possibility that the user will forget to change his/her password on a regular basis† (Venetis, 1999). This study aims not only to evaluate benefits of adopting secure solution to identity-theft, but also to see that what best practices should be adopted by the Companies, which add value to their online business. Through in-depth research, I will be able to examine why customers switch to new online companies for their shopping. I will see techniques other companys uses to give confidence to their customers to retain them. Although there is a very limited research available on prevention of identity theft in e-business, but my aim is to study how I can contribute from the experiences of other companys perspective. By using quantitative method approach, I will try to test the current literature available on the subject matter. The study is based upon research conducted throughout the report from a variety of sources. The scope of the study is the assessment of tools, technologies and architectures that may involve in identify theft in e-commerce. As the scope of â€Å"Identity theft in e-commerce† is a diversified, so I have limited my research to online fraud detection and prevention methods. Why this research? The Literature provides insights into factors underlying the impacts of identity theft on e-business and failure results: customers lack of confidence, inappropriate variety of technologies structures, lack of ability to control and secure online businesses, lack of adoptable techniques and processes, but lack of study on how to secure online business. Research Questions To concentrate the research primary and secondary questions have been devised to establish a central path to guide the research. PRQ:What technologies are currently in place to combat fraud and how do they work? SRQ:Looking at previous fraud prevention techniques, have new technologies actually prevented and deterred fraud from the mainstream areas? The past study on identity theft in e-commerce was not enough to solve the problems. As the cyber crime growing rapidly, it is very difficult to secure online business. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate why the organization like XYZ UK Limited not able to continue their online businesses and what new techniques and best practices are in use by others to run their online businesses. What are the techniques that were appropriate for identity management and how well the organization (XYZ UK limited) complies with these techniques? The quantitative data was collected through an online questionnaire addressed to approximately 50 business executives, partners, experts and consumers. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This research emphasizes the issues in private company (XYZ-UK Limited) regarding the risk and impact of identity theft that company had faced while doing online business and also the problems they had been through in transactions, made on the Internet. I will also put forward what new techniques should be adopted to increase more business and customers satisfaction. To see companies involved in e-business and how to overcome their problems. Adopt new techniques and ideas to have secure online business. Following are research objectives: To analyze, the affect of cyber crime on businesses and with its consequences on customer relationship. Determine the protection level that the company has provided through its security Policy to maintain the privacy of their customers sensitive information and determine its compliance with industry best practices. To identify the reasons that results for the company in suffering loses and losing business opportunities and determining their plan to overcome those constraints. Analyzing new strategies acquired by the company to achieve the level of protection and review their effectiveness in accordance with existing practices. To provide opinion whether new methods for safe on-line business ensure customers satisfaction or need of improvement. Organization of Research This research is organized as follows. The first chapter, as noted, introduces the research and objectives. The second chapter provides the brief overview of literature on identity theft in e-commerce and describes the critical background identity theft associated with e-commerce., and third Chapter consists of Methodology. Chapter 4 Analysis of the findings of Survey as well as content analysis to assess the scale of the effect of these factors on e-commerce success as supposed. Chapter 5 is a policy document can be used as best practices. CHAPTER2 Literature Review â€Å"Whats my ROI on e-commerce? Are you crazy? This is Columbus in the new world. What was his ROI?† (Andy Grove, chairman of Intel) CHAPTER TWO Literature Review DEFINITION OF E-COMMERCE Various definitions of e-commerce are there; the one given at this point is an attempt to relate to this research. â€Å"Electronic commerce is about doing business electronically. It is based on the electronic processing and transmission of data, including text, sound and video. It encompasses many diverse activities including electronic trading of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic fund transfers, electronic share trading, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative design and engineering, online products (e.g. consumer goods, specialized medical equipment) and services (e.g. information services, financial and legal services); traditional activities (e.g. healthcare, education) and new activities (e.g. virtual malls).† (EC document, 1997) While, defining the term â€Å"Electronic Commerce† ranges from broad (EITO) to the very narrow (OECD), basically they are equivalent. A patent description of transactions rather than the scope of activities are there. A hurdle in drafting a precise definition of e-commerce is the continuing evolution of science and technology and its impact on ever-changing environment. (Civil Jurisdiction, 2002) Identity theft may be broadly defined as the unlawful acquirement or the use of any aspect of an individuals personal information for committing some form of criminal activity (Hoar, 2001; LoPucki, 201; Slosarik 2002). This definition is proposed to cover any type of crime that falsely uses a victims name, home address, bank account, credit / debit card number, national insurance number, date of birth, etc. (Federal trade commission, 2004) Some authors and authorities have obviously been some hard work on the result of identity theft to those whom their identity had been stolen; they were trying to see how identity theft can be avoided and possible ways to avoid ones identity being stolen by the criminal specially in online business and to find what identity theft in e-commerce is about. For instance, Mehdi Khosrowpour (2002) defines â€Å"identity theft is a form of hacking which results in possession of personal data and information by the hackers to masquerade as the true identity owners for future use†. IMPACT OF CYBER CRIMES ON BUSINESS E-commerce oriented Businesses are often having a fear that exposing security weakness gives the opportunity to hackers to penetrate into business sensitive information and do the damage. These concerns have shown to have negative impact on consumer attitudes toward using the Internet to make purchases. (Koufaris, 2002) The outcome is failure in doing business online. The losses can be divided into â€Å"direct† and â€Å"indirect losses†. The complete impact of identity theft is not completely understood so far, but latest researches importance the fast development and major costs linked with the offense have discussed and looking to solve it. Near the beginning debate around identity theft relied on subjective proof which is mainly reported by the popular press Identity theft is in many ways a more harmful act that can have continuous effects on major financial effect on merchants as well as on customers. Recent studies have found that identity theft victims often suffer the same emotional consequences as victims of other crimes. The crime of identity theft can be difficult to track because it takes many forms and is used to facilitate other crimes, such as credit card fraud, immigration fraud, Internet scams, and terrorism. Identity fraud arises when someone takes over fictitious name or adopts the name of another person with or without their consent Rt Hon David Blunkett MP (2002) DIRECT LOSSES Direct losses can be defined as losses in terms of monetary value. Reflection of such costs can be seen as incorporated costs of the market incentives faced by such parties addressing the issue. Surveys conducted by experts show the range of financial losses that the businesses have suffered. Identity theft losses to companies are over two times greater whereas to consumers three times that are linked with conventional payment deception. Analysis of recent consumer surveys has suggested that while users may view the internet as a marketing channel valued for its convenience and ease of use for shopping, security and privacy issues are very influential on decisions to buy online†. (Smith and Rupp, 2002a, b) In e-businesses associated fraud losses are also normally charged back to merchants. From the perspective of the credit card issuer, the cost of identity theft for illegally purchased products is most likely to be claimed against the applicable retailers by the credit card issuer. Internet merchants fraud-related costs are high, and when those costs are combined with growing consumer fears of identity theft it results in significant damage to the business. For consumers, the main impact of identity theft is the unauthorized use of their credit card accounts that could make them suffer financial losses. Corporate identity theft provides perpetrators to conduct industrial sabotage resulting in possible fines to businesses for breach of regulatory rules. Another form of direct losses is the loss of data, according to studies data breaches cost companies losses in terms of administrative performance, management defections and loss of critical and sensitive business data as well as customer data. It will also allow consumers to sue if their personal information is improperly taken from online transactions (Tillman, 2002). It also results in cost overheads for companies to implement preventive measures and techniques. Additionally there will be costs for the recovery of loss-data. It also impacts the company to continue its business processes, above all companies may go out of business because of major data-loss. One more category of direct loss is the loss of equipments and products, since it is very easy for id theft criminal to divert the delivery or shipment of goods by having unauthorized access to the place where it is convenient to pick it up. INDIRECT LOSSES There could be many indirect losses because of identity theft. For example, the time and resources spent on corrective action after the identities and personal information have compromised. However, the ultimate indirect loss, in this regard is, the loss of goodwill, company reputation, customer confidence and relationship with trading partners. Reputation is one of trustworthy behaviour and plays an important part in determining the willingness of others to enter into an exchange with a given actor (Grabner-Kraeuter, 2002, p. 48). It has also estimated that businesses fear to accept large number of orders because of their susceptibility, especially they turn away overseas transactions and hence get to lose business. The combination of financial losses coupled with reputation and customer trust provide great level of damage to the e-businesses. In terms of reputation, it can said that any e-commerce scandal will become headline of news immediately and the media is always curious about such scandals, thus the publicity of any such incident ruins the company reputation largely. Consumers always worry about their privacy. Many researchers have found that, a majority of internet users worry about spreading of personal data, because the person stealing someones data can use it to misuse the bank accounts, conduct a crime using the details of somebody else, can easily get away from worst situations or can even cross countries borders using fake identities, all of the above can create problem for the person whose identity has been used for all such crimes. Liability issues are always in concern when companies are dealing with trading partners or doing the business within a country having strict laws for companies to be found liable if they do not protect their own and critical information of others. Theft of corporate identities may adversely affect morale of third party employees as well as the competitive advantages that a company may have with its trading partners. Using a network perspective, concerning interrelationships between people and organizations, economic relationships between organizations embedded in networks of social relationships (Galaskiewicz, 1985; Granovetter, 1985; Uzzi, 1997). Improper handling of information can also take companies to court where they can held accountable for negligence and can face severe fines including imprisonments. Another aspect of indirect loss is the damage to the credit history of both customers and businesses. Businesses will no longer be able to obtain business loans to boost their business and also cannot obtain insurance benefits from insurance companies. Similar things happens to customers, once their history has been marked susceptible they cannot obtain bank loans, credit cards, health claims and even a better carrier. In summary, the above psychoanalysis shows a picture what an individual or a business might suffer from if cyber criminals steal their identities. E-commerce and Main Categories Nowadays businesses are using heterogeneous computer environments to integrate their proprietary systems with the external world. Database servers and application servers supported with middleware to interface with online connections; these include HR management, supply chain management and customer relationship management. Through electronic networks where the purpose is to achieve businesses, E-Commerce can be separated into major categories: Business-to-Business (B-TO-B) relationship Business-to-Customer (B-TO-C) relationship Business-to-Government (B-TO-G) relationship Consumer-to-Consumer (C-TO-C) relationship Mobile Commerce (m-commerce) relationship The two core categories are Business to Business and Business to Customer. Business to Customer (B-TO-C) B-TO-C e-commerce is a part of the business, which deals with commercial activities between companies and customers. Companies can easily make their strategies according to the needs and requirements of customers, based on analysis of customers statistics in this model, these statistics can be based on marketing, sales and customer service components (e.g. ordering, online assisting, delivering and customers interaction etc.). E-tailing The most common form of business-to-consumer (B2C) transaction is E-tailing. (Electronic retailing) It is the selling of sellable merchandise over the Internet. E-Tailing: Revolutionary Trends in E-Business Recent studies have found that 1997 was the first big year for e-tailing. Dell Computers claimed as they processed a multimillion dollar orders taken through their Web site. In 1996, was the success for Amazon.com welcomed Noble Barnes to launch its E-business site whereas, Commerce Net/Nielsen Media disclosed that 10 million customers had completed purchases on-line. A systematic approach in this regard, needs a good combination of business strategies and dynamic networks. â€Å"The total of these structures is called a dynamic strategic network† (Dyke, 1998). One of the best examples of B-to-C e-commerce is Amazon.com, an online bookstore that launched its site in 1995. The benefits of B-TO-C e-commerce includes that it provides instantaneous communication between consumer and trader as well as products and services can be access globally and transactions happens in real time, whereas the risk includes, the confidentiality and privacy of customers information. Business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-customer (B2C) transactions are used in e-commerce and is a type of online shopping. Advantages of B2C e-commerce; The subsequent advantages are: Shopping can be quicker and expedient. Prices and Offers can alter immediately. The website can be incorporated with Call centers directly. The buying experience will be improved by Broadband communications. Background of E-Shopping E-Shopping was in